tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-90255927292521798882024-02-20T02:38:26.449-08:00KIMIA ANAK MURAAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12644451562257370547noreply@blogger.comBlogger9125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9025592729252179888.post-4560583136869466692013-05-14T01:36:00.001-07:002013-05-14T01:36:19.600-07:00syarifudin: E-Book Kimia Analitik, Kimia Fisika dan Kimia Anor...<a href="http://syarifudink.blogspot.com/2011/07/e-book-kimia-analitik-kimia-fisika-dan.html?spref=bl">syarifudin: E-Book Kimia Analitik, Kimia Fisika dan Kimia Anor...</a>: Berikut ini E-BOOK kimia Analitik, Kimia Fisika dan Kimia Anorganik silahkan didownload : Untuk mendownlod silahkan klik : Fundamentals...Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12644451562257370547noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9025592729252179888.post-37095279927885768602013-05-06T04:53:00.003-07:002013-05-06T04:53:57.604-07:00LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM KIMIA FISIK II<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">PENENTUAN BERAT MOLEKUL BERDAS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">A</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">RKAN PENGUKURAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MASSA JENIS GAS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">I<span style="color: black;">.
TUJUAN PERCOBAAN</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tujuan dari percobaan ini adalah untuk
menentukan berat molekul senyawa volatil berdasarkan pengukuran massa jenis gas
dengan menggunakan persamaan gas ideal.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">II. TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Gas mempunyai
sifat bahwa molekul-molekulnya sangat berjauhan satu sama lain sehingga hampir
tidak ada gaya tarik menarik atau tolak menolak diantara molekul-molekulnya
sehingga gas akan mengembang dan mengisi seluruh ruang yang ditempatinya,
bagaimana pun besar dan bentuknya. Untuk memudahkan mempelajari sifat-sifat gas
ini baiklah dibayangkan adanya suatu gas ideal yang mempunyai sifat-sifat :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 45.0pt left .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">a.
Tidak ada gaya tarik menarik di antara molekul-molekulnya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 45.0pt left .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">b. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Volume dari molekul-molekul gas sendiri
diabaikan.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 45.0pt left .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">c.
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tidak ada perubahan enersi dalam
(internal energy = E) pada pengembangan.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sifat-sifat ini
didekati oleh gas inert (He, Ne, Ar dan lain-lain) dan uap Hg dalam keadaan
yang sangat encer. Gas yang umumnya terdapat di alam (gas sejati) misalnya: N<sub>2</sub>,
O<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub> dan lain-lain sifat-sifatnya agak
menyimpang dari gas ideal.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Densiti
dari gas dipergunakan untuk menghitung berat molekul suatu gas, ialah dengan
cara membendungkan suatu volume gas yang akan dihitung berat molekulnya dengan
berat gas yang telah diketahui berat molekulnya (sebagai standar) pada
temperatur atau suhu dan tekanan yang sama. Densiti gas diidenfinisikan sebagai
berat gas dalam gram per liter. Untuk menentukan berat molekul ini maka
ditimbang sejumlah gas tertentu kemudian diukur PV dan T-nya. Menurut hukum gas
ideal :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">P V<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n R T<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dimana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>n<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">M<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bila
gas ideal sifat-sifatnya dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan yang sederhana ialah
PV<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>n R T, maka sifat-sifat gas sejati hanya dapat dinyatakan dengan
persamaan, yang lebih kompleks lebih-lebih pada tekanan yang tinggi dan
temperatur yang rendah. Bila diinginkan penentuan berat molekul suatu gas
secara teliti maka hukum-hukum gas ideal dipergunakan pada tekanan yang rendah.
Tetapi akan terjadi kesukaran ialah bila tekanan rendah maka suatu berat
tertentu dari gas akan mempunyai volume yang sangat besar.. Untuk suatu berat
tertentu bila tekanan berkurang volume bertambah dan berat per liter berkurang.
Densiti yang didefinisikan dengan W/V berkurang tetapi perbandingan densiti dan
tekanan d/p atau W/pV akan tetap, sebab berat total W tetap dan bila gas
dianggap gas ideal pV juga tetap sesuai dengan persamaan berikut :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">P V<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R T</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">M<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R T<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(d/p)<sub>o</sub> R T</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Suatu
aliran dari udara kering yang bersih dilewatkan cairan yang diukur tekanan
uapnya. Ketelitian dari pengukuran ini tergantung pada kejenuhan udara
tersebut. Untuk menjamin kejenuhan ini maka udara dilewatkan cairan tersebut
secara seri. Bila V adalah volume dari w gram cairan tersebut dalam keadaan
uap, M berat mol cairan dan tekanan uap dari cairan tersebut pada temperatur T
maka tekanan uap dapat dihitung dengan hukum gas ideal :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">P<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R T</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(Respati, 1992).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hukum
gabungan gas untuk suatu sampel gas menyetakan bahwa perbandingan PV/T adalah
konstan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>konstan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sebetulnya untuk gas-gas real (nyata) seperti
metana (CH<sub>3</sub>) dan oksigen dilakukan pengukuran secara cermat,
ternyata hal ini tidak benar betul. Gas hipotesis yang dianggap akan mengikuti
hukum gabungan gas pada berbagai suhu dan tekanan hukum gabungan gas pada
berbagai suhu dan tekanan disebut gas ideal. Gas nyata akan menyimpang dari
sifat gas ideal.. Pada tekanan yang relatif rendah termasuk pada tekanan
atmosfer serta suhu yang tinggi, semua gas akan menempati keadaan ideal
sehingga hukum gas gabungan dapat dipakai untuk segala macam gas yang digunakan
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(Brady, 1999).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Persamaan gas ideal bersama-sama dengan massa
jenis gas dapat digunakan untuk menentukan berat molekul senyawa volatil. Dalam
hal ini menyarankan konsep gas ideal, yakni gas yang akan mempunyai sifat
sederhana yang sama dibawah kondisi yang sama (Haliday, 1978).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Persamaan
yang menghubungkan langsung massa molekul gas dengan rapatannya dapat
diturunkan dari hukum gas ideal. Jika jumlah mol suatu gas dapat diketahui
dengan membagi massanya dalam gram dengan massa molekulnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Jumlah mol (n)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Bila
dimasukan dalam hukum gas ideal menghasilkan :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">PV<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R T</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">M<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Rapatan (d) adalah perbandingan antara massa
(berat) terhadap volume, (g/V). Maka persamaan dapat ditulis :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in .75in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">M<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(Brady, 1999).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">III. METODELOGI PERCOBAAN</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddleCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3.1 Alat dan bahan</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">a.
Alat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Alat-alat yang digunakan pada percobaan ini
adalah erlenmeyer (150 ml), gelas piala (600 ml), aluminium foil, karet gelang,
jarum, neraca analitik dan desikator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxspmiddleCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">b.
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bahan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxsplast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Bahan-bahan Bahan-bahan yang diperlukan pada
percobaan ini adalah akuades, cairan volatil seperti CHCl<sub>3</sub> dan
aseton.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.7pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Rancangan alat :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">lubang kecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">aluminium foil<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-no-proof: yes;">karet gelang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">± 1cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">erlenmeyer </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">air</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">uap cairan X<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mendidih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">cairan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">volatile</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">gela</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">s </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">api</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">piala</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3.2 Prosedur Percobaan</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Meng</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ambil sebuah labu </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">e</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">rlenmeyer yang berleher kecil, yang
bersih dan kering, kemudian </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">men</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">utup dengan aluminium foil dan kencangkan dengan karet gelang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Menimbang l</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">abu </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">e</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">rlenmeyer beserta aluminium foil dan
karet gelang dengan menggunakan neraca analitik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Memasukkan s</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ebanyak 5 ml
cairan volatil ke dalam labu </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">e</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">rlenmeyer, kemudian </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">men</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">utup kembali dengan aluminium foil dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">meng</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">encangkan dengan karet gelang.
Kemudian dengan menggunakan jarum dibuat lubang kecil pada aluminium foil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">4. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Merendam l</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">abu erlenmeyer
di dalam penangas air dengan temperatur kurang dari 100<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup>o</sup></b>C</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">5.
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Memb</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">iarkan sampai seluruh cairan volatil menguap,
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">men</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">catat temperatur penangasnya, kemudian
diangkat.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> Lalu
mengeringkan b</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">agian luar labu
erlenmeyer, kemudian diletakkan di dalam desikator untuk didinginkan.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">6.
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Menimbang l</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">abu erlenmeyer yang telah dingin tanpa
melepas aluminium foil dan karet gelang.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">7. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Men</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">entukan volume dari labu </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">e</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">rlenmeyer dengan cara mengisi labu
dengan air sampai penuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 60.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">8.
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Meng</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ukur tekanan atmosfer dengan menggunakan
barometer.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">IV. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">HASIL DAN
PERHITUNGAN</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="msolistparagraphcxsplast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">4.1 Hasil Pengamatan</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tabel 1</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 546px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 17.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 17.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">No</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 17.35pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" width="236">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pengamatan</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 17.35pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kloroform</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 17.35pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Aseton</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Massa labu
erlenmeyer, allumunium foil, dan karet gelang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">72,98 g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">73,80 g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Massa
erlenmeyer dan volatil</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">73,66 g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">73,95 g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Massa cairan x</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,68 g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,15 g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">4</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Massa
erlenmeyer dan air</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">209,4</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">208,80 g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">5</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Massa air</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">136,88 g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">135,68 g</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">6</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Temperatur air</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">30˚C</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">31˚C</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">7</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Temperatur air
(volatil menguap)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">85˚C</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">82˚C</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" width="45">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">8</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Temperatur
atmosfir</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1 atm</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1 atm</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">4.2 Perhitungan</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.15pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan untuk kloroform ( CHCl<sub>3</sub> )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dik :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>massa air </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">36</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">88</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gr</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,9960<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gr/ cm<sup>3</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>T air dalam labu =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>30<sup>0</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 130.9pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -93.5pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Massa CHCl<sub>3</sub> =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( massa labu erlenmeyer + alumunium foil +
karet<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>geleng + cairan terkondensasi ) –
( massa labu erlenmeyer + alumunium foil + karet gelang )</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 149.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -119.1pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">7</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3,66 gr – </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">7</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">98</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 149.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -119.1pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>0,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">68</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">T air dalam penangas = </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">100</span><sup><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0</span></sup><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> C = </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">100</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> + 273 = 37</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><sup><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0</span></sup><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">K</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">P = 1 atm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dit :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>BM CHCl<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Jawab :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">V air =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 1</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">37</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">429</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> cm<sup>3</sup> = 1</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">37</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">429</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">. 10<sup>-3</sup> L</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">V air = V kloroform = 1</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">37</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">429</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">10<sup>-3</sup> L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">4,948</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">BM =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">4,948</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 15</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,45</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.15pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan untuk aseton</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dik : massa
air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">135,68</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>0,9960<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gr/ cm<sup>3</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">T air dalam labu
=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">31</span><sup><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0</span></sup><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 121.55pt; text-indent: -84.15pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Massa aseton =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(massa labu erlen meyer + aluminium foil +
karet gelang + cairan terkondensasi) – (massa labu erlenmeyer + aluminium foil
+ karet gelang).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 121.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">73,95</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr – </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">73,80</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 121.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">15</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 121.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">T<sub>air</sub> dalam penangas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">100</span><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0</span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> C = </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">100</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> + 273 = 3</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">73</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0</span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">K</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 149.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">P = 1 atm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BM aseton</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Jawab<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">V air =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">136,225</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> cm<sup>3</sup> = </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">136,225</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">10<sup>-3</sup> L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">V air = V
aseton = </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">136,225</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">10<sup>-3</sup> L </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,1011</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">BM = <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,1011</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>= </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">33,7035</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.15pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan Persen Eror</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 37.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk kloroform</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 130.9pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dik :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BM praktek<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">=</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>15</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,45</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 130.9pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BM teori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">=</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> 119,5 gr/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 130.9pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>% error</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 130.9pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Jawab :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 74.8pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>%error =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"> </span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">26,7364</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 112.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk aseton</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 130.9pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dik :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BM praktek<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">33,7035</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 130.9pt; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">BM teori<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>58 gr/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>%
error</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Jawab :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 74.8pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>%error = =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">41,8905</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.15pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Perhitungan Faktor Koreksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk kloroform</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dik :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>m<sub>air</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">136,88</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gr</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suhu kamar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>25 <sup>0</sup>C</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>V<sub>udara</sub>=V<sub>erlenmeyer</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">37</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">429</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">10<sup>-3</sup> L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BM udara<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>28,8 gr/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suhu dalam penangas
= </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">100</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0</span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">C = 37</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0</span></sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">K</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dit :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BM CHCl<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Jawab :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor koreksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Log P<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,2954</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 56.1pt 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>P<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>197,424 mmHg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 56.1pt 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,2598 atm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 56.1pt 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">massa udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 56.1pt 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">P BM <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">m<sub>udara</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,04</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 93.5pt 149.6pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">massa total<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>massa udara + massa kloroform</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 93.5pt 149.6pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,04</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> + 0,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">68</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 93.5pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">722</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 93.5pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">gr/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 93.5pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">BM kloroform = = 5,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2536</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> = 16</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">8041</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk aseton</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dik :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>m<sub>air</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">135,68</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suhu kamar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>25 <sup>0</sup>C</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>V<sub>udara</sub>=V<sub>erlenmeyer</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">136,225</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">10<sup>-3</sup> L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BM udara<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>28,8 gr/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suhu dalam penangas
= </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">10</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0 <sup>0</sup>C
= 3</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">7</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3 <sup>0</sup>K</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dit :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>BM aseton</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.2pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Jawab :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 65.45pt 149.6pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor
koreksi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Log P<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,2954</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 56.1pt 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>P<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>197,424 mmHg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 56.1pt 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,2598 atm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 56.1pt 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">massa udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 56.1pt 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">P BM <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">m<sub>udara</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 74.8pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,0</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">417</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 93.5pt 149.6pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">massa total<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>massa udara + massa aset</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">on</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 93.5pt 149.6pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,0</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">417</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> + 0,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">15</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 93.5pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">567</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 93.5pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">gr/L</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 37.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 93.5pt 149.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">BM aseton = = = </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">127,398</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr/mol</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tabel Hasil
Perhitungan</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tabel 2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 342px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Cairan Volatil</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ρ air (g / L)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">m cairan (g)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">P (atm)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">CHCl<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">4,948</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,689</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.0pt;" width="80">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 3.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Aseton</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 3.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" width="104">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 3.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1,1011</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.75pt;" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 3.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,159</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 3.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 41.85pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 479px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Cairan Volatil</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">BM (g / mol)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.7pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">m total (g)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">BM koreksi (g
/ mol)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.5pt;" width="101">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">% Error (%)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">CHCl<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">151,54</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.7pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,722</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">160,8041</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.5pt;" width="101">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">26,7364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.25pt;" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Aseton</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.0pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">33,7045<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.7pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">0,567</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">127,398</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.5pt;" width="101">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">41,8905<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> Tabel 3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: 0in 25.65pt 27.0pt 45.0pt center 99.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: 0in 42.55pt 45.0pt center 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">V.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Persamaan gas ideal bersama-sama dengan massa
jenis gas dapat digunakan untuk menentukan berat molekul senyawa volatil. Dalam
hal ini menyarankan konsep gas ideal, yakni gas yang akan mempunyai sifat
sederhana yang sama dibawah kondisi yang sama. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Berdasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>persamaan gas ideal dapat diketahui bahwa banyaknya mol gas biasanya
dinyatakan sebagai n, juga sama dengan massa, m dibagi massa molar, M (yang
mempunyai satuan) g/mol ) jadi n = mol/M. Berat molekul (bila tak bedimensi)
sama dengan bilangan massa molar :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">PV = </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Praktikum kali ini bertujuan untuk
dapat menentukan berat molekul senyawa volatil berdasarkan pengukuran massa
jenis gas dengan menggunakan persamaan gas ideal. Pada percobaan kali ini
dipergunakan sampel berupa larutan kloroform dan aseton.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30.15pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada praktikum
kali ini, dilakukan dengan terlebih dahulu menentukan massa erlenmeyer kosong
agar dapat menentukan massa cairan. Berat labu erlenmeyer ditambahkan alumium
foil dan karet gelang untuk kloroform yakni </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">72</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">98</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr sedangkan berat labu erlenmeyer ditambah
alumium foil dan karet gelang untuk aseton yakni </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">73</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">80</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr. Labu erlenmeyer kemudian dimasukan
kloroform/aseton<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lalu dipanaskan sampai
suhu 100 </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">C. Setelah semua cairan volatil menguap, labu
erlenmeyer diangkat, kemudian diletakkan dalam desikator. Desikator berfungsi
sebagai pengering dan pendingin dari alat laboratorium untuk percobaan. Berat
labu erlenmeyer ditambahkan alumium foil dan karet gelang untuk kloroform yang
didinginkan yakni </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">73</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">66</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr sedangkan
berat labu erlenmeyer ditambah alumium foil dan karet gelang untuk aseton yang
didinginkan yakni </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">73</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">95</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr. Oleh karena
itu didapatkan berat cairan kloroform yakni 0,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">689</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr dan untuk aseton yakni 0,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">159</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.05pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dengan menggunakan persamaan gas ideal maka
diperoleh BM dari larutan volatil tersebut. Dalam perhitungan didapatkan nilai
BM kloroform ialah </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">151,45</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr/mol, sedangkan BM kloroform yang
sebenarnya adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">119,5 g/mol</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">. Dalam perhitungan didapatkan nilai BM
aseton ialah </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">33,7045 </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gr/mol, sedangkan BM aseton yang sebenarnya
adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">58 g/mol</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">. Hasil yang
didapatkan ini jauh berbeda dengan nilai BM secara teoritis. Kesalahan ini
dapat terjadi karena kekurangtelitian praktikan pada saat praktikum. Kesalahan
dapat juga terjadi karena kesalahan pada saat melakukan pemanasan; alat yang
digunakan kurang bersih dan steril; masih terdapatnya udara dalam labu
erlenmeyer hingga mempengaruhi nilai BM yang diperoleh.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 23.55pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam
perhitungan berat molekul (BM) aseton dan kloroform dapat menggunakan persamaan
gas ideal yaitu dengan adanya volume air dan massa jenisnya, maka dapat
dihitung massa jenis zatnya. Dengan mengetahui nilai massa jenis zat maka berat
molekul juga dapat dihitung.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada data
hasil perhitungan dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai massa cairan volatil
berpengaruh terhadap berat molekul (BM). Dengan demikian, semakin besar nilai
dari massa cairan volatil nya maka semakin besar pula nilai berat molekulnya. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Dalam percobaan kali ini digunakan dua
larutan volatil, yaitu zat kloroform dan aseton. Kedua cairan volatil tersebut
tampak berbeda dalam lama pengerjaannya. Pada larutan kloroform, zat bila
dipanaskan lebih lambat menguap daripada aseton. Hal tersebut disebabkan karena
berat molekul dari kloroform itu sendiri jauh lebih besar daripada aseton
sehingga fase dari kloroform jauh lebih sulit untuk diubah daripada aseton.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .5in 81.0pt 117.0pt 135.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">VI.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>KESIMPULAN</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kesimpulan yang dapat diperoleh dari
praktikum ini antara lain :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">1.
Penentuan berat molekul senyawa volatil dapat dilakukan dengan mengukur massa
jenis senyawa dan menggunakan persamaan gas ideal.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">2.
Nilai BM (berat molekul) yang diperoleh pada percobaan untuk kloroform adalah
sebesar </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">151,45</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">gr/mol, sedangkan nilai BM teoritisnya sebesar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">119,5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">gr/mol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">3.
Nilai BM (berat molekul) yang diperoleh pada percobaan untuk aseton adalah
sebesar </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">30,7045</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> gr/mol, sedangkan nilai BM teoritisnya sebesar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>58 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">gr/mol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada perhitungan persen error, diproleh hasil yakni % error BM<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kloroform yakni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">26,7364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>%, </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">sedangkan untuk % error BM aseton yakni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">41,8905<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>%.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Brady, James E.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1999.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Universitas</i>, Jilid 1, edisi
kelima.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Binarupa Aksara.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jakarta. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Halliday dan
Resnick. 1978. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fisika Jilid I</i>.
Erlangga. Jakarta. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Respati.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1992.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Kimia Untuk Universitas</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rineka Cipta.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Yogyakarta. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<h3>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">PENENTUAN BERAT MOLEKUL BERDASARKAN
MASSA JENIS GAS </span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">I. Kelebihan<br />
<br />
1. Dengan metode ini, kita dapat menentukan berat molekul suatu senyawa volatil
dengan peralatan yang lebih sederhana.<br />
<br />
2. Percobaan ini menggunakan penangas air sebagai pengatur suhu. Sehingga
percobaan ini lebih cocok untuk senyawa yang memiliki titik didih kurang dari
100 0C.<br />
<br />
3. Dengan adanya faktor koreksi, maka dapat meminimalkan kesalahan perhitungan
data hasil percobaan.<br />
<br />
II. kelemahan<br />
<br />
1. Ketidak tepatan pengamatan pada saat cairan telah menguap semua atau belum
dapat mengakibatkan kesalahan dalam perhitungan. Jika masih ada cairan yang
belum menguap atau masih ada cairan yang tersisi dalam labu erlenmeyer, maka
dapat mengakibatkan kesalahan dalam perhitungan massa jenis gas dan pada
akhirnya mengakibatkan kesalahan pada perhitungan berat molekul.<br />
<br />
2. Mahasiswa tidak mengetahui dengan pasti titik didih dari suatu sampel
senyawa. Sehingga timbul pertanyaan apakah suhu penangas air yang tercatat
sangat berpengaruh pada nilai berat molekul yang dihasilkan atau tidak.
Pertanyaan ini timbul karena bila labu erlenmeyer dimasukkan dalam penangas air
pada suhu misal 80 0C, maka cairan volatil tersebut akan menguap total pada
suhu sedikit di atas 80 0C. Jika labu erlenmeyer dimasukkan berisi sampel
volatil dimasukkan ke dalam penangas air pada suhu (misal) 90 0C, maka dalam
perhitungan nilai berat molekul yang diperoleh akan pasti berbeda.<br />
<br />
Rumus: P.V = n.R.T<br />
3. Metode penentuan berat molekul berdasarkan massa jenis gas ini tidak cocok
untuk senyawa dengan titik didih di atas 100 0C.<br />
<br />
IDENTIFIKASI JENIS ALKOHOL PRIMER<br />
DALAM REAKSI DEHIDRASI ALKOHOL<br />
BERDASARKAN MASSA JENIS GAS ALKENA YANG DIHASILKAN<br />
<br />
A. Data dan fakta.<br />
<br />
Alkena adalah senyawa non polar. Gaya tarik antar molekul terjadi olehakibat
gaya dispersi. Secara umum, sifat-sifat fisika alkena mirip dengan sifat-sifat
fisika alkana. Alkena yang terdiri dari 2-4 atom karbon berwujud gas pada
temperatur kamar. Alkena yang terdiri lima atau lebih atom karbon berupa cairan
tidak berwarna dengan berat jenis lebih kecil daripada air. Alkena tidak larut
dalam air, tetapi larut dalam alkena lain, pelarut organik non polar, dan
etanol. Alkena dapat dibuat dengan cara<br />
<br />
mereaksikan alkohol (dalam percobaan ini digunakan alkohol primer) dengan H2SO4
pekat pada suhu 160-1700C. Perubahan alkohol primer menjadi alkena ini
merupakan proses dehidrasi (pelepasan air).<br />
Persamaan reaksinya:<br />
H2SO4 pekat<br />
160-1700C<br />
CnH2n+2O CnH2n + H2O<br />
<br />
Pada reaksi di atas, CnH2n+2O yang digunakan adalah alkohol primer.<br />
Pada reaksi ini, H2SO4 pekat berfungsi sebagai dehidrator. Bila digunakan
alkohol sekunder atau tersier, dehidratornya harus H2SO4 encer, karena
penggunaan H2SO4 pekat menyebabkan alkena yang terbentuk mengalami polarisasi.
Dalam hal kereaktifan dehidrasi diperoleh urutan alkohol primer > alkohol
sekunder > alkohol tersier.<br />
<br />
B. Masalah atau Kesenjangan.<br />
<br />
Seringkali kita mengalami kesulitan untuk membedakan atau mengidentifikasi
suatu alkohol primer. Misalnya jika kita diberi suatu sampel alkohol primer dan
kita dituntut untuk mengidentifikasi atau menentukan nama apakah alkohol
tersebut adalah propanol ataukah butanol ataukah pentanol, dst.<br />
Apabila identifikasi jenis atau nama suatu alkohol primer tersebut dilakukan
atas dasar reaksi alkohol dengan pereaksi tertentu, pasti sangat sulit. Hal ini
dikarenakan<br />
<br />
oleh, semua jenis alkohol mengalami reaksi sama, baik reaksi subtitusi maupun
reaksi dengan senyawa yang lain. Yang membedakan dalam reaksi ini adalah
struktur alkohol (primer, sekunder, tersier) merupakan penentu dari hasil
reaksi.<br />
<br />
C. Solusi.<br />
1. Dasar teori.<br />
<br />
Massa molekul relatif dadri suatu senyawa dapat ditentukan dengan berbagai
metode tergantung dari sifat-sifat fisika senyawa yang bersangkutan. Massa
molekul senyawa yang volatil dapat ditentukan dengan menggunakan persamaan gas
ideal dan massa jenis gas.<br />
<br />
P.V = n.R.T, dengan konsep mol menjadi P.V = (m/Mr).R.T<br />
.R.T</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sehingga
persamaanya dapat diubah menjadi P.Mr = (m/V).R.T = <br />
Dimana: Mr = massa molekul<br />
P = tekanan gas<br />
V = volume gas<br />
T = suhu ( 0K )<br />
R = tetapan gas<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= massa jenis gas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
<br />
Suatu senyawa alkena dengan atom C lebih dari 5 yang dihasilkan dari dehidrasi
suatu erlenmeyer (atom C lebih dari 5) dapat diketahui berat molekulnya
berdasarkan massa jenis gas yang dihasilkan.<br />
<br />
Bila suatu alkena (dengan titik didih < 1000C) ditempatkan dalam labu
erlenmeyer yang mempunyai lubang kecil pada bagian penutupnya dan kemudian labu
erlenmeyer tersebut dipanaskan sampai kurang lebih 1000C, maka cairan tadi akan
menguap dan uap itu akan mendorong udara yang terdapat pada labu erlenmeyer
keluar melalui lubang kecil tadi. Setelah semua udara keluar, pada akhirnya uap
cairan tersebut akan keluar, sampai uap ini berhenti keluar bila keadaan
setimbang tercapai, yaitu tekanan udara cairan dalam labu erlenmeyer sama
dengan tekanan udara luar.<br />
<br />
Pada kondisi kesetimbangan ini, labu erlenmeyer hanya berisi uap cairan dengan
tekanan sama dengan atmosfer, volume sama dengan volume labu erlenmeyer dan
suhu sama dengan suhu titik didih air dalam penangas air ( kurang lebih 1000C).
Labu erlenmeyer ini<br />
kemudian diambil dari penangas air, didinginkan dalam desikator dan ditimbang
sehingga massa gas yang terdapat di dalamnya dapat diketahui. Kemudian .R.T,
berat molekul senyawa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">dengan
menggunakan persamaan P.Mr =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut
dapat dapat ditentukan.<br />
<br />
Bila alkena yang dihasilkan memiliki titik didih yang lebih besar, maka
penangas yang berisi air dapat diganti dengan senyawa lain yang memiliki titik
didih tinggi (misalnya minyak). Hal yang perlu diperhatikan adalah pengamatan
harus secermat dan seteliti mungkin, hal ini dikarekan warna dari minyak dapat
menghambat pengamatan pada saat cairan telah menguap semuanya. Pada saat
pengeringan labu erlenmeyer, bagian luar labu juga harus benar-benar kering
agar perhitungan berat molekul mendekati harga berat molekul yang sebenarnya.<br />
<br />
2. Prosedur penyelesaian masalah.<br />
<br />
1. Dimasukkan kurang lebih 5 ml alkohol cair yang akan diidentifikasi ke dalam
tabung reaksi. Kemudian dipanaskan sampai suhu 160-1700C.<br />
<br />
2. Ditambahkan tetes demi tetes H2SO4 pekat.<br />
<br />
3. Alkena yang diperoleh dipisahkan dari H2O (alkena dapat dipisahkan dengan
mudah dari air, karena alkena tidak larut dalam air).<br />
<br />
4. Ambil sebuah labu erlenmeyer berleher kecil yang bersih dan kering, tutup
labu erlenmeyer dengan menggunakan aluminium foil dan karet gelang <br />
<br />
5. Timbang labu erlenmeyer tadi beserta aluminium foil dan karet gelang dengan
menggunakan neraca analitik.<br />
<br />
6. Masukkan kurang lebih 5 ml alkena hasil dehidrasi alkohol ke dalam labu
erlenmeyer, kemudian tutup kembali dengan menggunakan karet gelang erat-erat
sehingga tutup ini beersifat kedap udara. Dengan menggunakan jarum buatlah
lubang kecil pada aluminium foil agar uap dapat keluar.<br />
<br />
7. Rendam labu erlenmeyer dalam penangas air bersuhu kurang lebih 1000C (untuk
alkena dengan titik didih 1000C) sedemikian sehingga air kurang lebih 1 cm di
bawah aluminium foil. Biarkan labu erlenmeyer dalam penangas air sampai semua
cairan menguap. Catat suhu penangas air tersebut.<br />
<br />
8. Setelah semua ciran volatil dalam labu erlenmeyer menguap, angkatlah labu
erlenmeyer dari penangas, keringkan air yang terdapat pada bagian luar labu
erlenmeyer dengan lap, lalu tempatkan labu erlenmeyer dalam desikator. Uap
cairan volatil yang terdapat dalm labu erlenmeyer akan kembali menjadi cairan.<br />
<br />
9. Timbang labu erlenmeyer yang sudah dingin tadi dengan neraca analitik
(jangan lepaskan tutup aluminium foil sebelum labu erlenmeyer ditimbang).<br />
<br />
10. Tentukan volume labu erlenmeyer dengan jalan mengisi lebu erlenmeyer dengan
air sampai penuh dan menimbang massa air yang terdapat dalam erlenmeyer. Volume
air bisa diketahui bila massa jenis air pada suhu air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= m/V.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">r</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">dalam labu erlenmeyer diketahui dengan menggunakan rumus <br />
<br />
11. Ukur tekanan atmosfer dengan menggunakan barometer.<br />
<br />
12. Dihitung berat molekul alkena dengan menggunakan faktor koreksi.<br />
<br />
13. Berdasarkan persamaan reaksi dalam dehidrasi alkohol, tentukan jenis
alkohol cair yang digunakan dalam reaksi dehidrasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12644451562257370547noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9025592729252179888.post-73792508884888980602013-04-21T03:42:00.001-07:002013-04-21T03:42:47.459-07:00GOAL-GOAL MESSI<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12644451562257370547noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9025592729252179888.post-79050539533144719822013-04-18T21:10:00.001-07:002013-04-18T21:10:20.548-07:00Laporan Praktikum<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 10.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">I.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>JUDUL</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PEMANFAATAN ALUMINIUM </b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DARI KALENG</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>BEKAS MINU</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">M</span>AN</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 10.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">II.TUJUAN :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Membuat gas hidrogen dengan mereaksikan logam
Al dengan basa.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>III.</span>Dasar
Teori </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A . Pengertian </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aluminium adalah logam berwarna putih keperakan yang lunak. </span>Aluminum,
Al, merupakan anggota golongan 13, berada sebagai aluminosilikat di kerak bumi
dan lebih melimpah daripada besi. Mineral aluminum yang paling penting
dalam metalurgi adalah bauksit, AlO<sub>x</sub> (OH)<sub>3-2x </sub>(0 < x
<1). . Sifat aluminum dikenal dengan baik dan aluminum banyak digunakan
dalam keseharian, misalnya untuk koin, panci, kusen pintu, dsb. Logam aluminum
digunakan dengan kemurnian lebih dari 99%, dan logam atau paduannya (misalnya
duralium) banyak digunakan.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aluminium adalah logam yang paling banyak terdapat di kerak bumi, dan unsur
ketiga terbanyak setelah oksigen dan silikon. Aluminium terdapat di kerak bumi
sebanyak kira-kira 8,07% hingga 8,23% dari seluruh massa padat dari kerak bumi,
dengan produksi tahunan dunia sekitar 30 juta ton pertahun dalam bentuk bauksit
dan bebatuan lain (corrundum, gibbsite, boehmite, diaspore, dan lain-lain)
(USGS). Sulit menemukan aluminium murni di alam karena aluminium merupakan
logam yang cukup reaktif. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aluminium tahan terhadap korosi karena fenomena pasivasi. Pasivasi adalah
pembentukan lapisan pelindung akibat reaksi logam terhadap komponen udara
sehingga lapisan tersebut melindungi lapisan dalam logam dari korosi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aluminium murni adalah logam yang lunak, tahan lama, ringan, dan dapat
ditempa dengan penampilan luar bervariasi antara keperakan hingga abu-abu,
tergantung kekasaran permukaannya. Kekuatan tensil aluminium murni adalah </span>90<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> MPa, sedangkan aluminium paduan memiliki
kekuatan tensil berkisar 200-600 MPa. Aluminium memiliki berat sekitar satu
pertiga baja, mudah ditekuk, diperlakukan dengan mesin, dicor, ditarik
(drawing), dan diekstrusi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Resistansi terhadap korosi terjadi akibat fenomena pasivasi, yaitu
terbentuknya lapisan aluminium oksida ketika aluminium terpapar dengan udara
bebas. Lapisan aluminium oksida ini mencegah terjadinya oksidasi lebih jauh.
Aluminium paduan dengan tembaga kurang tahan terhadap korosi akibat reaksi
galvanik dengan paduan tembaga. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aluminium juga merupakan konduktor panas dan elektrik yang baik. Jika
dibandingkan dengan massanya, aluminium memiliki keunggulan dibandingkan dengan
tembaga, yang saat ini merupakan logam konduktor panas dan listrik yang cukup
baik, namun cukup berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aluminium murni 100% tidak memiliki kandungan unsur apapun selain aluminium
itu sendiri, namun aluminium murni yang dijual di pasaran tidak pernah
mengandung 100% aluminium, melainkan selalu ada pengotor yang terkandung di
dalamnya. Pengotor yang mungkin berada di dalam aluminium murni biasanya adalah
gelembung gas di dalam yang masuk akibat proses peleburan dan pendinginan/pengecoran
yang tidak sempurna, material cetakan akibat kualitas cetakan yang tidak baik,
atau pengotor lainnya akibat kualitas bahan baku yang tidak baik (misalnya pada
proses daur ulang aluminium). Umumnya, aluminium murni yang dijual di pasaran
adalah aluminium murni 99%, misalnya aluminium foil</span>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kandungan Atom/Unsur dan Ikatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aluminium disimbolkan dengan Al, dengan nomor atom 13 dalam tabel periodik
unsur. Bauksit, bahan baku aluminium memiliki kandungan aluminium dalam julah
yang bervariasi, namun pada umumnya di atas 40% dalam berat. Senyawa aluminium
yang terdapat di bauksit diantaranya Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, </span>Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>,
γ-AlO(OH), dan α-AlO(OH)<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Isotop aluminium yang terdapat di alam adalah isotop </span><sup>27</sup>Al,
dengan persentase sebesar 99,9%. Isotop <sup>26</sup>Al juga terdapat di alam meski
dalam jumlah yang sangat kecil. Isotop <sup>26</sup>Al merupakan radioaktif
dengan waktu paruh sebesar 720000 tahun. Isotop aluminium yang sudah ditemui
saat ini adalah aluminium dengan berat atom relatif antara 23 hingga 30, dengan
isotop <sup>27</sup>Al merupakan isotop yang paling stabil. <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">IV. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ALAT DAN BAHAN</b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.4pt;" valign="top" width="39">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NO</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nama Alat dan Bahan</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jumlah </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.4pt;" valign="top" width="39">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Kaleng bekas minuman<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.4pt;" valign="top" width="39">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Larutan NaOH<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.4pt;" valign="top" width="39">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Botol <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.4pt;" valign="top" width="39">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">4</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Balon<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.4pt;" valign="top" width="39">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">5</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Gelas ukur<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 29.4pt;" valign="top" width="39">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">6</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Korek api<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
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</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">V.</span>Prosedur Kerja</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b>Dibersihkan kaleng bekas kemasan minuman
ringan sehingga bebas dari cat atau plastic yang melapisinya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b>Dipotong – potong sebagian kaleng menjadi
ukuran sekitar 2 x 1 cm.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b>Ditimbang potongan logam Al sekitar 5 gram
(catat berat sebenarnya secara tepat lalu hitung molnya).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b>Diambil 50 ml larutan NaOH 0,1 M lalu
masukan kedalam botol.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b>Dimasukan potongan logam Al yang sudah di
ketahi ke dalam larutan NaOH dan segera tutup rapat dengan balon yang tersedia<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">, </b>pastikan tidak ada kebocoran.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b>Sekali-sekali diguncangkan botol dan amati
apa yang terjadi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b>Setelah reaksi selesai, lepaskan balon dan
usahakan tidak ada gas yang lepas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b>Diuji gas yang di peroleh dengan
menyulutkanya dengan bara api. (hati-hati : dapat terjadi ledakan).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">VI.</span> Hasil Pengamatan</b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 11.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="255">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Perlakuan</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="234">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hasil pengamatan</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.35pt;" valign="top" width="255">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Bersihkan
kaleng bekas kemasan minuman ringan sehingga bekas dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cat atau plastik yang melapisinya<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pmenjotong-potong sebagian kaleng menjadi
ukuran 2 x 1 cm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Timbang potongan Al sekitar 5 gram ( catat
berat sebenarnya secara tepat lalu hitung molnya)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ambil 50 ml laruran NaOH 0.1 M lalu masukan
kedalam botol</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Masukan potongan logam Alyang sudah diketahui
kedalam larutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NaOH dan segera tutup
rapat dengan balon yang tersedia. Pastikan tidak ada kebocoran.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sekali-sekali diguncangkan botol dan amati apa
yang terjadi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Setelah reaksi selesai, lepaskan balon dan usahakan
tidak ada gas yang lepas</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Diuji gas yang di peroleh dengan menyulutkanya
dengan bara api. (hati-hati : dapat terjadi ledakan).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.55pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
Massa aluminium
= 5,00 gram<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>V NaOH = 50 ml</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Larutan NaOH
berwarna<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bening saat larutan NaOH
+ logam Al, larutan berbuih dan bergelembung, kira-kira 1 menit balon mulai
bergelembung berisi gas H<sub>2</sub> yang dihasilkan dari reaksi NaOH + Al,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Erlenmeyer terasa panas,
menandakan reaksi eksoterm,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Balon bertambah besar,dan
buih dari hasil reaksi NaOH + Al semakin sedikit,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Balon yang berisi H2
bunyinya nyaring dan berwarna orange dari hasil ledakan,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Balon yang berisi gas
biasa bunyinya kurang nyaring dan tidak ada warna dari hasil ledakan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">VII.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PEMBAHASAN DAN JAWABAN TUGAS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">A. PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium merupakan logam amfoter.
Mengapa dikatakan amfoter? Apa arti amfoter? Suatu zat bersifat amfoter berarti
zat tersebut dapat bersifat asam saat direaksikan dengan basa kuat, misalnya
NaOH. Dapat bersifat basa apabila zat tersebut direaksikan dengan asam kuat,
contohnya asam khlorida, HCl</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ketika sepotong lempeng aluminium atau
aluminium foil dicelupkan ke dalam larutan asam khlorida, terbentuk gas yang
tidak berwarna dan tidak berbau. Gas ini tentulah gas<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>hidrogen yang berasal dari ion-ion H<sup>+</sup> asam khlorida.
Apakah reaksi ini tergolong reaksi redoks? Ya, jelas reaksi redoks<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pada percobaan ini pengikisan permukaan logam aluminium dianggap sebagai
tolok ukur, sehingga semakin banyak pengikisan permukaan logam aluminium oleh
larutan perendaman maka semakin banyak nuklida-nuklida aktif yang ikut lepas.
Namun pada pelaksanaannya pengikisan permukaan juga dibatasi, dari segi teknis
maksimum tebal pengikisan permukaan yang diperbolehkan adalah 0,50 mm.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium oksida juga dapat menunjukkan
sifat asamnya, dapat dilihat dalam reaksi dengan basa seperti larutan natrium
hidroksida.<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>Berbagai aluminat dapat
terbentuk – senyawa dimana aluminium ditemukan dalam ion negatif. Hal ini
mungkin karena aluminium memiliki kemampuan untuk membentuk <a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-smk/kelas_x/ikatan-kovalen/" title="ikatan kovalen"><span style="color: windowtext;">ikatan kovalen</span></a>
dengan oksigen.<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>Pada contoh natrium,
perbedaan <a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia_organik_dasar/ikatan_pada_senyawa_organik/elektronegativitas/" title="elektronegativitas"><span style="color: windowtext;">elektronegativitas</span></a>
antara natrium dan oksigen terlalu besar untuk membentuk ikatan selain ikatan
ionik.<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>Tetapi elektronegativitas
meningkat dalam satu periode – sehingga<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>perbedaan
elektronegativitas antara aluminium dan oksigen lebih kecil. Hal ini
menyebabkan terbentuknya ikatan kovalen diantara keduanya.<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>Dengan larutan natrium hidroksida pekat
yang panas aluminium oksida bereaksi menghasilkan larutan natrium
tetrahidroksoaluminat yang tidak berwarna.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 28.35pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada prcobaan ini </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">kelarutan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> kerapatan alumnium </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">terhadap perendaman</span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">menggunakan larutan</span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">perendam NaOH</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">. Yaitu pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">perendaman</span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">menggunakan
larutan NaOH, menunjukkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">bahwa
dengan semakin meningkatnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">konsentrasi
NaOH dan waktu proses</span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">perendaman
maka dapat menaikkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">kelarutan
aluminium. Hal ini menunjukkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">semakin
banyak logam aluminium yang</span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">terkikis
berarti semakin banyak nuklidanuklida</span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">yang
menempel di logam yang</span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">terlepas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
REAKSI :<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2 Al(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)
+ 6 H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 2 NaAl(OH)<sub>4</sub>(aq) + 3 H<sub>2</sub>(g)</div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2 Al(s) + 2 OH<sup>-</sup>(aq)
+ 6 H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 2 Al(OH)<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>(aq) + 3 H<sub>2</sub>(g)</div>
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Al membentuk ion Al(OH)<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>; berarti bilangan
oksidasinya berubah dari nol menjadi +3. Sedang bilangan oksidasi H dari +1
menjadi nol. Berarti baik dalam asam maupun basa, reaksi redoks yang terjadi
sebagai akibat dari sifat keamfoteran Al, ternyata perubahan bilangan
oksidasinya sama.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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Sebelumnya untuk membuktikan bahwa
hidrogen dapat dipakai sebagai<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>pendesak
air karena sifatnya yang tak larut dalam air terlebih dahulu hidrogen hasil<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>reaksi dialirkan ke dalam tabung reaksi <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">yang berisi </span>dengan air <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">dan </span>kemudian tampak volume air
dalam tabung semakin berkurang yang tergantikan oleh<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>posisi hidrogen<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>berupa udara kosong.<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>Car<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">a</span> pembuatan hidrogen yang<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>dalam
praktikum ini adalah dengan mereaksikan<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>aluminium
dengan basa kuat. Aluminium merupakan logam yang berwarna putih abu-<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;">abu (silver) yang melebur</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;">pada </span><span lang="IN" style="letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suhu </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;">659</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>C<sup><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">0</span></sup>,<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>dan bila terkena
udara akan teroksidasi pada<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>permukaannya.
Pembentukan hidrogen ini terjadi menurut persamaan :<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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2Al(s) + 6 NaOH (aq)dipanaskan 2Na3 AlO3(aq) + 3H2(g)<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>JAWABAN TUGAS</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>2 Al(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 2
NaAl(OH)<sub>4</sub>(aq) + 3 H<sub>2</sub>(g)<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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2<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>Al(s) + 6 NaOH (aq)<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>dipanaskan 2<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>Na<sub><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span></sub>
AlO<sub><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span></sub>(aq) + 3H<sub><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">2</span></sub>(g)<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Diketahui
: m Al = 5 gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr = 27 gram</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Di tanya :
Volume gas = ?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penyelesaian :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>n =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>massa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 0in 63.45pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mr</span></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 5 gram</span></div>
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<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>27 gram/mol</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>= 0,185 mol</span></strong><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jawaban
:</span></strong><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vm =
22,4 liter /mol</span></strong><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Volume
gas = n X Vm</span></strong><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,185 mol x 22,4
Liter/mol</span></strong><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 4,1 L</span></strong><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></strong><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Manfaat aluminium</span></strong><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">menghilangkan karat</span></b></div>
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Remas selembar foil, lalu gunakan untuk menggosok
titik-titik karat dari bumper mobil dan batang besi tirai kamar mandi.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></strong><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dijadikan corong</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong>Anda kesulitan memasukkan <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">refill </span></em>minyak ke dalam botolnya?
Gulung selembar foil membentuk kerucut, rekatkan dengan selotip, lalu jadikan
corong. Mulailah menuang minyak menggunakan corong foil ini. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memancakan panas</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-autospace: none;">
Bungkus sepotong kayu lapis
dengan foil, lalu selipkan di belakang radiator untuk merefleksikan panas ke
ruangan. Tentunya, hal ini berlaku jika Anda tinggal di tempat yang berhawa
dingin.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memelihara sabut baja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Letakkan sabut penggosok Anda di atas foil untuk
menjauhkannya dari<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>karat. <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mengilapkan perak</span></strong><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Bungkus panci kaca dengan foil, tambahkan beberapa sendok
makan baking soda,<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>isi panci dengan
air mendidih. Setelah itu, cemplungkan peralatan makan perak yang ternoda untuk
membersihkannya dengan cepat.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">VIII. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada percobaan ini aluminium merupaka</span>n<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> logam amfoter. Ketika sepotong lempeng
aluminium di celupkan ke dalam larutan NaOH, maka terjadilah suaatu reaksi
pengikisan permukaan logam aluminium. Pengikisan in</span>i</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di anggap
sebagai tolak ukur, sehingga semakin banyak pengikisan permukaan logam
aluminium oleh larutan perendam (NaOH), Semakin banyak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pula nuklida-nuklida aktif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>yang <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">ikut lepas maka terbentuklah</span> gas yang <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">tidak berwarna dan tidak berbau</span>. <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gas ini tentulah gas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hidrogen yang berasal dari</span> ion-ion H<sup>+</sup>.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Reaksi
logam aluminium dan larutan NaOH</span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2 Al(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)
+ 6 H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 2 NaAl(OH)<sub>4</sub>(aq) + 3 H<sub>2</sub>(g)<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
2<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>Al(s) + 6 NaOH (aq)<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>dipanaskan 2<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>Na<sub><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span></sub><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span>AlO<sub><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span></sub>(aq) + 3H<sub><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">2</span></sub>(g)<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -7.1pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">B. Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -7.1pt 28.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Percobaan ini dilakukan sudah baik, namun cobalah
untuk lebih teliti lagi, misalnya dalam memilih alat dan berhati2 dalam
melakukan uji warna pada gas hidrogen saat pembakaran balon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">IX Daftar Pustaka</span></b><span class="citationjournal"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span class="citationjournal">Ahmad, Zaki.2003. "The properties and application of
scandium-reinforced aluminum". <i>JOM</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Anonim. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aluminium</i>, dari [[http://webmineral.com/data/Aluminum.shtml]]
diunduh pada tanggal </span>23 Mei 2012</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atkins, P.W. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Fisika Edisi Keempat Jilid 1</i>.
Erlangga : jakarta. 1999. Bab IX halaman 243</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span class="citation">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A.1997. <i>Chemistry of the
Elements</i> (2nd ed.), Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Petrucci, H. Ralph dan Suminar. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Dasar Prinsip dan Terapan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Modern. Edisi keempat</i>.
Erlangga : Jakarta. 1987. Bab 24. Halaman<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>180.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sukardjo. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia
Koordinasi. Edisi Revisi (Ketiga)</i>. Rineka Cipta : Jakarta. 1992. Bab VI.
Halaman 134.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 85.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 85.05pt;">
<span class="citationbook"><span lang="IN" style="color: #232323; mso-ansi-language: IN;">X.
Lampiran fotocopy laporan sementara</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 85.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12644451562257370547noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9025592729252179888.post-8994381018836634782013-04-18T20:57:00.001-07:002013-04-18T20:57:28.600-07:00Laporan Anorganik II<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>JUDUL PERCOBAAN</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Pembuatan
Natrium Tiosulfat</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>TUJUAN PERCOBAAN</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
Mempelajari pembuatan garam natrium tiosulfat dan sifat –
sifat kimianya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>LANDASAN
TEORI</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Natrium tiosulfat merupakan garam dari tiosulfat yang
termasuk kedalam jenis asam polisulfomonosulfat. Selain itu asam ini juga
dikenal dengan vanadisulfanoat. Kedua asam ini merupakan runtutan dari asam
polisulfana (H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>x</sub>). Ion tiosulfat ini memiliki geometri
tetrahedron terdistorsi. Natrium dialam hanya tersedia dalam wujud besi oksida
karbonat, sedangkan sulfida tidak ditemukan dalam bentuk murninya. Sedangkan
natrium yang ada dilaut berupa senyawa NaCl. Pada organisme (hewan) ion natrium
sangat berperan sekali yaitu sebagai konduksi saraf dan dapat juga digunakan
untuk menjaga keseimbangan osmosis dalam darah. Pada tumbuhan ion natrium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berfungsi sebagai zat yang esensial untuk
pertumbuhan. Natrium tiosulfat merupakan salah satu senyawa dari natrium,
dengan rumus kimianya adalah Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Pembentukan garam tiosulfat berdasarkan reaksi yang
terjadi antara belerang dan tiosulfit yaitu : SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> + S <span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">→ S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></span>
. <span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila dalam reaksi diatas ditambahkan
belerang dalam jumlah yang berlebih maka semua ion sulfit akan dapat membentuk
ion S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Pembuatan natrium tiosulfat dapat juga dilakukan dengan menggunakan H<sub>2</sub>S
sebagai bahan baku dan juga SO<sub>3</sub>. Namun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sangat disayangkan cara ini sangat sulit
dilakukan. Dalam bidang kimia analitik, natrium tiosulfat ini merupakan larutan
standar yang digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk titrasi
iodometri dan hanya terdapat dalam bentuk pentahidrat, sehingga harus dilakukan
standarisasi dengan larutan standar primer. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Asam tiosulfat tidak stabil pada suhu kamar, Asam ini
dipisahkan pada suhu 78<sup>o</sup>C dari persamaan reaksi : SO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>S
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">→</span> H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Atau dari reaksi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
HO<sub>3</sub>SCl + H<sub>2</sub>S <span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">→</span> H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + HCl</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Molekul gas sulfur tioksida SO<sub>3</sub> memiliki
struktur segitiga datar dapat mengalami resonansi dengan melibatkan ikatan πp –
πp dari S-O. Adanya orbital P untuk ikatan dan orbital d kosong dari S
menyebabkan panjang S-O sangat pendek yaitu 1,43 A. Ion tio sulfat memiliki
struktur [ S-SO<sub>3</sub> ]<sup>2-</sup> dengan panjang gelombang ikatan S-S
dan S-O masing-masing 1,99 + 0,10 dan 1,48 + 0,6Å, panjang ikatan S-S mendekati
panjang S-O menunjukkan bahwa dalam ikatan S-S juga terlibat ikatan II (pi).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Garam yang biasa disebut tiosulfat stabil dan berjumlah
banyak. Tiosulfat dibuat dengan memanaskan alkali/larutan sulfit dengan S dan
juga dengan mengoksidasi polisulfida dengan air seperti reaksi berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + S → Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
2NaS<sub>3</sub> + 3O<sub>2</sub> → 2Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
+2S</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Selain itu natrium tiosulfat dapat dibuat dari SO<sub>2</sub> dengan reaksi
sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
2SO<sub>2</sub> <sub>(aq)</sub> + O<sub>2(g)</sub> → SO<sub>3(g)</sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Kemudian direaksikan dengan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> dan
H<sub>2</sub>O</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
reaksi :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
2SO<sub>2</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → 2NaHSO<sub>3</sub>
+ CO<sub>2</sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
produk (NaHSO<sub>3</sub>) direaksikan lagi dengan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
reaksi :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
2NaHSO<sub>3</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → 2Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>
+ CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
terakhir Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> direaksikan dengan S dengan bantuan
pemanasan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Reaksi :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + S → Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Dalam percobaan ini akan dipelajari cara pembuatan
garam natrium tiosulfat dari reaksi antara sulfur dengan natrium sulfit.
Struktur molekul sulfur ada dua jenis yaitu rombik dan monoklin. Pada
temperature dibawah 96<sup>o</sup>C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>stabil dalam bentuk rombik dan diatas temperature tersebut stabil dlam
bentuk monoklin. Dalam dua struktur tersebut molekul sulfur membentuk cincin
yang mengandung 8 atom. Agar sulfur dapat bereaksi maka harus dilakukan
pemutusan cincin yang ada terlebih dahulu. Oleh karena itu, mekanisme reaksi
yang melibatkan sulfur sangat rumit.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>ALAT
DAN BAHAN</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>ALAT </div>
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<b>NO</b></div>
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<b>ALAT</b></div>
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<b>UKURAN</b></div>
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<b>JUMLAH</b></div>
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<b>1</b></div>
</td>
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<b>Alat refluks</b></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148">
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<b>1 set</b></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
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<b>2</b></div>
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<b>Batang pengaduk</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>1</b></div>
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<b>3</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.75pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>Gelas ukur</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>2</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>4</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.75pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>Pembakar spritus</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>1</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>5</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.75pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>penjepit</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>1</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>6</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.75pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>Tabung reaksi</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>2</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>7</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.75pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>Neraca digital</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>1</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>8</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.75pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>Kertas saring</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>Secukupnya</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>9</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.75pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>Pipet </b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>2</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>10</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.75pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>Botol semprot</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.95pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>1</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
B. BAHAN </div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>NO</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.25pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>BAHAN</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.85pt;" valign="top" width="153">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>UKURAN</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>JUMLAH</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>1</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.25pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>Natrium
sulfit</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.85pt;" valign="top" width="153">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>-</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>25 gram</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>2</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.25pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>Serbuk
belerang</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.85pt;" valign="top" width="153">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>-</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>4 gram</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>3</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.25pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>Kristal
Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.85pt;" valign="top" width="153">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>-</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>secukupnya</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>4</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.25pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>HCl
encer</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.85pt;" valign="top" width="153">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>-</b></div>
</td>
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<b>3 mL</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
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<b>5</b></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>Aquades</b></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>-</b></div>
</td>
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<b>secukupnya</b></div>
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<b>6</b></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Larutan Iod dalam KI</b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>-</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.1pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<b>2 mL</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
V. PROSEDUR KERJA</div>
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A. PEMBUATAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NATRIUM
TIOSULFAT—HIDRAT</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>alat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>refluks
disiapkan, kemudian dimasukkan 25 gram natrium sulfit ke dalam labu refluks</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>ditambahkan 15 mL air dan 4 gram serbuk belerang,
kemudian direfluks selama 1 jam</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>setelah itu larutan didinginkan dan sisanya disaring.
Filtrate dipindahkan ke dalam cawan pengupan dan uapkan sampai volume ±<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 mL.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>biarkan larutan dingin dan keringkan kristal yang
terbentuk dengan menekan kristal diantara dua kertas saring, kemudian kristal
ditimbang. </div>
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<br /></div>
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B. MEMPELAJARI SIFAT – SIFAT KIMIA NATRIUM SULFAT</div>
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1. Pengaruh
Pemanasan </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
beberapa Kristal Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O
dalam tabung reaksi dipanaskan. Bagaimana stabilitas Kristal tersebut?</div>
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2. Reaksi dengan
Iod</div>
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1 gram Kristal natrium tiosulfat dengan 10 mL air, dan direaksikan dengan
2 mL larutan iod secara berlebihan.</div>
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3. pengaruh asam
encer</div>
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3 mL larutan natrium tiosulfat dengan asam klorida encer direaksikan
dengan volume yang sama. Setelah beberapa menit, dan diamati isi tabung reaksi
dan bau yang ditimbulkan.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">VI.</span>DATA HASIL PENGAMATAN </div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">NO</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PERLAKUAN</span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">HASILPENGAMATAN</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .3in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pembuatan natrium tiosulfat-5-hidrat</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">25 gram natrium sulfit + 15 mL air + 4 gram
serbuk belerang</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Campuran direfluks selama 1 jam</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Larutan didinginkan, disaring, dan diuapkan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Filtrate didiamkan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Larutan berwarna bening dan tidak menyatu
(serbuk belerang berada diatas air)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Temperatur campuran hangat, berwarna kuning
dan tidak menyatu (serbuk belerang berada diatas air)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Labu refluks terasa
panas dan terdapat uap didalamnya, pada 15 menit uap didalamnya sebagian
menetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Setelah beberapa
menit larutan mendidih, berbau ( bau belerang) dan campuran membentuk 2
lapisan, pada bagian atas berwarna kuning dan lapisan bawah bening.
Larutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>semakin berbau menyengat</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Warna larutan kuning dan volume filtrat 17
ml.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Residu 30,327 gram. T<sub>1</sub>
= 155<sup>O</sup>C dan T<sub>2</sub> = 200<sup>O</sup>C.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Setelah dimasukan didalam es terbentuk
endapan kristal natrium tiosulfat massanya 6,705 gram.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.25in;" valign="top" width="312">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .3in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mempelajari sifat – sifat kimia natrium
sulfat</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Natrium tiosulfat pentahidrat dipanaskan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1 gram Kristal natrium tiosulfat + 10 ml
air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2 ml iod berlebih</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3ml natrium tiosulfat + 3 ml asam klorida
encer, didiamkan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288">
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bentuk awal Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O
adalah dalam bentuk Kristal berwarna putih pekat. Setelah dipanaskan Kristal
mencair dengan cepat dan tidak berwarna serta berbau.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kristal Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O
dilarutkan dalam 10 ml air menjadi larutan yang tidak berwarna. Setelah
ditambahkan iod 10 tetes, pada awalnya larutan air dengan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O
tidak menyatu dengan iod, tampak larutan berwarna ungu dari iodidanya.
Setelah beberapa waktu larutan mulai menyatu antara iod dengan air dan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O.terbentuk
endapan putih dan terdapat serbuk putih melayang pada bagian atas larutan dan
tercium bau belerang.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Setelah ditetesi HCl encer awalnya larutan
tidak berwarna, setelah beberapa menit larutan berubah menjadi putih keruh
dan berbau.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
VII. PEMBAHASAN </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Natrium Tiosulfat (Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)<sub> </sub>adalah
salah satu jenis dari garam terhidrat. Garam terhidrat adalah garam yang
terbentuk dari senyawa-senyawa kimia yang dapat mengikat molekul-molekul air
pada suhu kamar. Ion tiosulfat dapat diperoleh secara cepat dengan cara
mendidihkan belerang dengan non sulfit atau dengan cara mendekomposisi ion
ditionit. Garam alkali tiosulfat banyak diproduksi terutama untuk kebutuhan
dibidang fotografi, dimana garam ini digunakan untuk melarutkan perak bromida
yang tidak bereaksi dalam suatu emulsi. ion tiosulfat dapat membentuk kompleks
Ag(S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)- dan Ag(S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub><sup>3-</sup>
Ion tiosulfat dapat juga membentuk kompleks dengan ion-ion logam lain.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Dalam percobaan ini akan dipelajari bagaimana cara pembuatan garam
natrium tiosulfat dan mempelajari sifat-sifatnya. <span style="color: black;">Berbagai
macam cara dapat dilakukan untuk mempelajari sifat-sifat dari garam natrium
tiosulfat. Diantaranya dalam percobaan ini akan dilakukan pemanasan, reaksi
terhadap iod, dan pengaruh terhadap asam encer.</span> Garam natrium tiosulfat
(Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) merupakan suatu senyawa tiosulfat
dari alkali (natrium). Garam ini memiliki sifat hidroskopis (mudah menyerap air
di udara) sehingga seringkali dijumpai dalam bentuk hidratnya dibandingkan
bentuk murninya. Bentuk hidrat dari garam natrium tiosulfat paling banyak dalam
bentuk 5-hidrat dan 10-hidratnya, karena garam natrium tiosulfat berbentuk
serbuk putih, tetapi untuk mereaksikannya tetap dalam bentuk padat karena
tingkat kelarutannya yang cukup tinggi dan dapat pula dijadikan dalam bentuk
larutan. Kebanyakan tiosulfat yang pernah dibuat dapat larut dalam air, tetapi
dalam bentuk timbal, perak atau barium hanya larut sedikit sekali. Banyak dari
tiosulfat ini larut dalam larutan natrium tiosulfat berlebih, membentuk garam
kompleks. Garam-garam tiosulfat merupakan senyawa kompleks dimana kation yang
mengikat tiosulfat merupakan atom pusat yang menyediakan orbital
kosong(elektrofilik) sehingga dapat mengikat ligan anion yaitu tiosulfat yang
memiliki elektron bebas sehingga dapat membentuk ikatan kovalen koordinasi.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Dalam
percobaan ini diawali dengan merefluks natrium sulfit dan belerang dalam sebuah
labu alas bulat, tujuan dari refluks ini yakni untuk mempercepat terjadinya
reaksi dan dapat maksimal (sempurna). Proses refluks dilakukan pada percobaan
ini agar struktur molekul sulfur yang membentuk cincin yang mengandung 8 atom
(S8) dapat diputuskan, sehingga dapat bereaksi dengan natrium sulfit. Agar
pemutusan cincin S8 ini berlangsung dengan sempurna, maka proses refluks
dilakukan selama 1 jam. Perefluksan terus dilanjutkan sampai pada campuran
terbentuk seperti 2 lapisan, yaitu lapisan agak bening dibawah dan lapisan
kuning diatas. Setelah terbentuk 2 lapisan tersebut, perefluksan dihentikan dan
disaring dengan kertas saring agar terpisah dari zat pengotornya. Tetapi
sebelum itu filtrat natrium tiosulfat didinginkan terlebih dahulu dengan es
batu sampai terbentuk kristal putih. Es batu berfungsi agar kristal dapat
terbentuk dengan cepat. Setelah disaring, filtrat yang diperoleh kemudian
diuapkan sampai terbentuk kristal. Proses penguapan ini untuk menghilangkan
molekul air yang bukan pentahidrat.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Dari percobaan
ini diperoleh berat endapan sebesar 6,705 gram. Adapun reaksi yang berlangsung
pada pembuatan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ini adalah :</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
+ S + 5H2O → Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O</div>
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Mempelajari
Sifat – Sifat Natrium Tiosulfat</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengaruh
Pemanasan</div>
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Percobaan selanjutnya yaitu akan mempelajari sifat – sifat natrium
tiosulfat yaitu mengetahui pengaruh pemanasan terhadap natrium tiosulfat
pentahidrat. Pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>percobaan ini kristal
Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O dipanaskan dan
diperoleh bahwa kristal natrium tiosulfat pentahidrat meleleh jika dipanaskan.
Pada praktikum kali ini uji pengaruh pemanasan hanya dilakukan pada natrium
tiosulfat pentahidarat, karena tidak tersedianya natrium dekahidarat pada
laboratorium sehingga kita tidak dapat membandingkan stabilitas termal kedua kristak
tersebut. Menurut literatur jika dibandingkan dengan natrium tiosulfat
dekahidrat,maka natrium tiosulfat pentahidrat lebih cepat meleleh karna natrium
tiosulfat dekahidrat lebih banyak mengandung air. Maka <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat disimpulkan bahwa Tiosulfat disini bersifat
hidroskopis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
persamaan reaksi
:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O
<sub>(s )</sub> → Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> <sub>(aq)</sub> + 5H<sub>2</sub>O
<sub>(l)</sub></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Reaksi dengan Iod</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Pada percobaan ini 1 gram Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dilarutkan dengan 10 mL H<sub>2</sub>O
menghasilkan larutan yang bening kemudian ditambahkan dengan larutan Iod
berlebih sebanyak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 mL I<sub>2</sub>
menghasilkan larutan yang bening dan setelah beberapa waktu terdapat endapan
putih.. Reaksi yang terjadi merupakan reaksi Redoks (Reduksi Oksidasi) yang
ditandai dengan adanya perubahan warna Iod.</div>
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Reaksinya
sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Reduksi :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I<sub>2 </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2e<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→ 2I<sup>-</sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Oksidasi :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2e</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I<sub>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2I<sup>-</sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Jadi : 2 Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
+ I<sub>2</sub> → 2 NaI + Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada persamaan reaksi tersebut,
terlihat bahwa iod berfungsi sebagai oksidator yang mengoksidasi ion tiosulfit
atau </span>natrium tiosulfat mereduksi iod.<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">, dan iod sendiri mengalami reduksi dari I<sub>2</sub> menjadi I<sup>-</sup>.
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengaruh Asam Encer</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>percobaan ini 3 mL </span>Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"> direaksikan dengan 3 mL HCl encer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menghasilkan larutan bening dan terbentuk
endapan sehingga larutan menjadi warna putih susu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang merupakan endapan belerang dan berbau
menyengat karena terdapat gas SO<sub>2</sub>. Dalam percobaan ini asam klorida
berfungsi untuk menguapkan sulfur dioksida dan mengendapkan sulfur. Itulah
sebabnya pada reaksinya menimbulkan bau menyengat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang merupakan gas SO<sub>2</sub>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reaksinya adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">~<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
+ 2HCl→ H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 2NaCl</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">~<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>→ SO<sub>2(g) </sub>+ S<sub>(s)</sub> +
H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(l)</sub></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">VIII.
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">KESIMPULAN </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium tiosulfat pentahidrat dapat dibuat
dengan cara mereaksikan natrium sulfit dan belerang dengan air dengan cara
direfluks, disaring, diuapkan dan dikeringkan sampai terbentuk endapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat – sifat natrium tiosulfat adalah sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">~<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Natrium
tiosulfat bersifat hidrokopis. Bila kristal natrium tiosulfat dipanaskan akan
melepaskan uap air yang dikandungnya, dimana kristal yang lebih banyak
mengandung molekul air akan lebih lambat mencair dari pada yang sedikit
mengandung molekul air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">~<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ion
tiosulfat dapat mereduksi iod membentuk ion tetrationat .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">~<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sulfur
dapat dibebaskan dengan penambahan HCl encer pada natrium tiosulfat.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>SARAN</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Diharapkan buat praktikan lebih
teliti dalam memperhatikan kebersihan alat yang digunakan. Selain itu praktikan
sebaiknya sebelum melakukan praktikum membaca terlebih dahulu metode kerja
sehingga waktu yang diperlukan dapat seefisien mungkin digunakan<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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IX. DAFTAR PUSTAKA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
Cotton dan Wilkinson. 1989. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Anorganik Dasar</i>. Universitas Indonesia Press : Jakarta.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
Jurusan Pendidikan Kimia UNPAR,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2012, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun
Praktikum Kimia Anorganik</i> , Palangkaraya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
Kristian sugiarto, 2004. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia anorganik I</i>. Yogyakarta : Jurusan Pendidikan Kimia FMIPA UNY</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Mulyono, 2005. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kamus Kimia</i>. Bandung : Bumi Aksara.</div>
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http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium_tiosulfat
diakses pada tanggal 20 Mei 2012.</div>
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X. LAMPIRAN</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">~<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Fotocopy Laporan Sementara Anorganik.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12644451562257370547noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9025592729252179888.post-10517461700085068742013-04-18T20:55:00.001-07:002013-04-18T20:55:15.942-07:00Laporan Praktikum Anorganik II<!--[if !mso]>
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<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">JUDUL</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pembentukan Tahapan Senyawa Kompleks</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b>Tujuan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Memperkirakan Rumus melekul senyawa kompleks<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berdasarkan perubahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>warna yang terbentuk</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b>Dasar
Teori</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SENYAWA KOMLEKS dan
JENIS NYA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Senyawa
kompleks merupakan senyawa yang tersusun dari ion logam dengan satu atau lebih
ligan. Interaksi antara logam dengan ligan - ligan dapat diibaratkan seperti
reaksi asam-basa lewis, di mana basa lewis merupakan zat yang mampu memberikan
satu atau lebih pasangan elektron (ligan).</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Titrasi
kompleksometri adalah salah satu metode kuantitatif dengan memanfaatkan reaksi
kompleks antara ligan dengan ion logam utamanya, yang umum di indonesia EDTA (
disodium ethylendiamintetraasetat/ tritiplex/ komplekson, ). Titrasi
kompleksometri ini ada 3 macam, yaitu langsung, tidak langsung, dan substitusi.
tergantung sifat zat yang akan ditentukan, misalnya calcium, maka indikator
yang dipakai, pH dll akan berbeda, dalam titrasi kompleksometri juga. Titrasi
kompleksometri meliputi reaksi pembentukan ion – ion kompleks ataupun pembentukan
molekul netral yang terdisosiasi dalam larutan. Syaratnya mempunyai kelarutan
tinggi.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Contohnya :
kompleks logam dengan EDTA dan titrasi dengan merkuro nitrat dan perak sianida.</i></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Reaksi pengkompleksan dengan suatu ion logam, melibatkan
penggantian satu molekul pelarut atau lebih yang terkoordinasi, dengan
gugus-gugus nukleofilik lain. Gugus-gugus yang terikat pada ion pusat, disebut
ligan, dan dalam larutan air, reaksi dapat dinyatakan oleh persamaan:</i></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>
M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub> + L = M (H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>(n-1)</sub> L + H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<em>Disini ligan (L) dapat berupa sebuah molekul netral atau
sebuah ion bermuatan, dengan penggantian molekul-molekul air berturut-turut
selanjutnya dapat terjadi, sampai terbentuk kompleks ML<sub>n</sub>; n
adalah bilangan koordinasi dari logam itu, dan menyatakan jumlah maksimum
ligan monodentat yang dapat terikat padanya.</em></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>
Ligan dapat dengan baik diklassifikasikan atas dasar banyaknya titik-lekat
kepada ion logam. Begitulah, ligan-ligan sederhana, seperti molekul-molekul H<sub>2</sub>O
atau NH<sub>3</sub>, F<sup>- </sup>, Cl<sup>- </sup>, Br<sup>-</sup> , CN<sup>-
</sup>, NH<sub>3</sub> , CH<sub>3</sub>OH, dan OH<sup>-</sup><sub> </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah <strong>monodentat, </strong> yaitu
ligan itu terikat pada ion logam hanya pada satu titik oleh penyumbangan satu
pasangan-elektron-menyendiri kepada logam. Namun, bila molekul atau ion ligan
itu mempunyai dua atom, yang masing-masing mempunyai satu pasangan elektron
menyendiri, maka molekul itu mempunyai dua atom-penyumbang, dan adalah mungkin
untuk membentuk dua ikatan-koordinasi dengan ion logam yang sama; ligan seperti
ini disebut <strong>bidentat </strong>dan sebagai contohnya dapatlah
diperhatikan kompleks tris(etilenadiamina) kobalt(III), [Co(en)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>.
Dalam kompleks oktahedral berkoordinat-6 (dari) kobalt(III), setiap molekul
etilenadiamina bidentat terikat pada ion logam itu melalui pasangan elktron
menyendiri dari kedua ataom nitrogennya. Ini menghasilkan terbentuknya tiga
cincin beranggota-5, yang masing-masing meliputi ion logam itu; proses
pembentukan cincin ini disebut <strong>penyepitan</strong> (pembentukan sepit
atau kelat).</i></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ligan <strong>multidentat </strong>mengandung
lebih dari dua atom-koordinasi per molekul, misalnya asam 1,2-diaminoetanatetraasetat
(asam etilenadiaminatetraasetat, EDTA) yang mempunyai dua atom
nitrogen-penyumbang dan empat atom oksigen-penyumbang dalam molekul, dapat
merupakan heksadentat</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Ligan dapat berupa ion atau
molekul netral. Dalam ligan, atom yang menempel langsung pada logam melalui
ikatan kovalen koordinasi dinamakan atom donor. Spesi koordinasi biasanya
kumpulan atom dalam kurung persegi di dalam rumus meliputi ion logam pusat plus
ligan yang terikat. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Bilangan
koordinasi</u></b> logam pusat adalah jumlah pasangan elektron yang diterima
atom pusat. </i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bilangan
koordinasi 2, </b>salah satu bilangan koordinasi 2 yang terkenal adalah[Ag(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+
</sup>, ion yang terbentuk bila senyawaan – senyawaan perak diolah dengan
amonia.</i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bilangan
koordinasi 3, </b>contoh bilangan koordinasi 3 sangat langka sekali.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Satu – satunya yang
sederhana untuk logam transisi yang dikenal orang adalah anion [HgI<sub>3</sub>]<sup>-</sup></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bilangan
koordinasi 4, </b>empat merupakan bilangan koordinasi yang umum </i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>dari beberapa atom dan ion logam transisi.
Contohnya adalah Li(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>, BeF<sub>4</sub><sup>-
</sup>,BF4<sub>4</sub><sup>- </sup>, dan sebagainya.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bilangan
koordinasi 5, </b>contoh bilangan koordinasi 5 adalah langka, tetapi </i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>tidak begitu luar biasa seperti bilangan
koordinasi 3. Contoh sederhana adalah besi pentakarbonil (Fe(CO)<sub>5</sub>).</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bilangan
koordinasi 6, </b>bilangan koordinasi ini sangat penting karena hampir semua
kation membentuk kompleks koordinasi 6. </i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bilangan
koordinasi yang lebih tinggi, </b>bilangan koordinasi 7, 8, dan 9 tidak sering
ditemui untuk beberapa kation yang lebih besar. Kompleks dengan bilangan
koordinasi yang lebih tinggi, merupakan ciri khas dari segi stereokimia tidak
kaku.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PEMBUATAN DAN REAKSI SENYAWA KOMPLEKS :</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Senyawa –
senyawa kompleks dapat dibagi menjadi dua golongan, yaitu :</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kompleks Werner, yaitu kompleks yang tidak berisi
ikatan logam karbon </i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>dan kompleks sianida.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kompleks logam karbonil atau senyawa organometalik,
yaitu kompleks yang paling</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sedikit berisi satu ikatan karbon.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i>Senyawa
– senyawa kompleks golongan (2) tidak mempunyai sifat garam seperti golongan
(1) dan biasanya bersifat kovalen. Zat ini umumnya larut dalam pelarut –
pelarut</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 2.25pt;">
<i>Non-polar, mempunyai titik lebur dan titik didih rendah.
Untuk membuat senyawa – senyawa kompleks, pertama harus diingat bahwa hasilnya
harus cukup banyak, kemudian harus ada cara yang baik untuk mengisolasi hasil
tersebut. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cara -cara isolasi untuk golongan (1)
antara lain :</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Penguapan pelarut dan pendinginan larutan yang pekat
dalam campuran pendingin es – garam. Kristalisasi dapat dipercepat dengan
penambahan sedikit kristal senyawa yang bersangkutan dan dengan mengggores
dinding bejana bagian dalam.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Penambahan pelarut yang bercampur dengan pelarut
semula, tetapi tidak melarutkan zat yang terlarut. Pendinginan, penambahan
kristal zat terlarut dan penggoresan dinding bejana bagian dalam dapat
mempercepat kristalisasi.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bila kompleksnya berupa kation ke dalam larutan dapat
ditambahkan anion yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya endapan. Demikian pula bila
kompleksnya berupa anion, dapat ditambahkan ion logam yang menyebabkan
terjadinya endapan.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt;">
<i>Senyawa
– senyawa kompleks golongan (2) juga dapat diisolasikan dengan cara-cara di
atas. Dapat pula diisolasikan dengan cara-cara </i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Destilasi</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sublimasi dan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses
kromatografi.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1. Kompleks
Werner</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>a. Reaksi substitusi dalam
larutan air</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in;">
<i>Cara
ini merupakan cara yang terpenting, reaksinya terjadi antara larutan garam
logam di dalam air dengan pereaksi koordinasi. Reaksi pembentukan kompleks
tetraamine tembaga (II) dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan berikut :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>[Cu(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]SO<sub>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>NH<sub>3 </sub>[Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]SO<sub>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>4H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Biru tua</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>[Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]SO<sub>4</sub> + C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kristal</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>b.
Reaksi substitusi dalam larutan bukan air</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Penggunaan pelarut – pelarut
bukan air tidak banyak dilakukan. Cara ini hanya dilakukan bila :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>1.
Ion logam mempunyai afinitas besar terhadap air.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>2.
Ligan yang dipakai tidak larut dalam air.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ion – ion yang mempunyai afinitas
besar terhadap air dan membentuk ikatan logam – oksigen yang kuat ialah Al<sup>3+
</sup>, Fe<sup>3+ </sup>, dan Cr<sup>3+ </sup>. Penambahan ligan yang bersifat
basis tidak membentuk kompleks, tetapi endapan basa yang gelatinous. Dalam hal
ini hidrat dari ion di atas bersifat sebagai asam protonik.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>c.
Reaksi substitusi tanpa adanya pelarut</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Reaksi antara garam
anhidrous dan suatu ligan cair dapat dipakai untuk membuat kompleks logam.
Dalam banyak hal, ligan cair yang jumlahnya berlebihan dapat berfungsi sebagai
pelarut untuk campuran reaksi.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]Cl<sub>2
</sub>dapat dibuat dengan mereaksikan NiCl<sub>2</sub> dengan NH<sub>3 </sub>cair
dan menguapkan sisa NH<sub>3</sub>, yang mempunyai titik didih rendah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(-33◦C).</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>NiCl<sub>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>NH<sub>3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]Cl<sub>2</sub></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Kuning<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>violet</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>d.
Reaksi oksidasi – reduksi</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Senyawa – senyawa kobalt
(III) kompleks selalu dibuat dari garam kobalt (II), sebab bilangan oksidasi
kobalt biasanya (II). Kobalt (III) kompleks stabil bila mempunyai gugus
koordinasi tertentu. Reaksi kobalt (II) dengan ligan cepat dan ini kemudian
dapat dibuat kobalt (III) kompleks dengan jalan oksidasi. Pembentukan kompleks
[Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>] Cl<sub>3 </sub>terjadi secara bertahap.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.5pt;">
<i>[Co(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]
Cl<sub>2 </sub>+ 6NH<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>[Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>] Cl<sub>2
</sub><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">+</span>6H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>] Cl<sub>2 </sub>+
4NH<sub>3</sub>Cl + O<sub>2</sub>→<sub> </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4[Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]
Cl<sub>3 </sub>+ 4NH<sub>3</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kompleks
Metal – karbonil dan Organometalik</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Senyawa golongan ini yang pertama dikenal adalah biru Prusia
: Fe [Fe<sub>2</sub>(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sub>3 </sub>. senyawa karbonil Ni(CO)<sub>4
</sub>dan Fe(CO)<sub>3 </sub>dibuat oleh Mond (Prancis) pada tahun 1890. Sejak
itu banyak senyawa – senyawa jenis ini telah dibuat, termasuk senyawa – senyawa
golongan ini ialah :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>1. Senyawa – senyawa
berisi alkil seperti : [(CO)<sub>5</sub>MnCH<sub>3</sub>].</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -28.35pt;">
<i>2. Senyawa – senyawa
berisi ikatan aril seperti : [P { (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub> }<sub>2
</sub>Pt(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>].</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>3. Senyawa – senyawa
berisi ikatan antara logam – karbon.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>4. Senyawa – senyawa
olefin.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i>Logam
dalam senyawa ini biasanya mempunyai bilangan oksidasi sangat rendah.
Pembuatannya biasanya dilakukan dalam pelarut bukan air seperti : diglime [(CH<sub>3</sub>OCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>O],
tetrahidrofuran dan dietil eter.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: .7pt;">
<i>a. Pembuatan Metal Karbonil</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Mond mula – mula
membuat zat ini dari gas CO dengan logam yang halus :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Ni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4CO <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ni(CO)<sub>4</sub></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Tidak berwarna</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>2Co<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8CO<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Co<sub>2</sub>(CO)<sub>8</sub></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Dari nomor atom efektif dapat dijelaskan bahwa :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in;">
<i>1.
Atom – atom dengan nomor atom genap membentuk karbonil – karbonil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>monomer seperti : Cr(CO)<sub>6</sub> ,
Fe(CO)<sub>5 </sub>, Ni(CO)<sub>4 </sub>.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in;">
<i>2.
Atom – atom dengan nomor atom ganjil membentuk karbonil – karbonil dimer,
seperti : Mn<sub>2</sub>(CO)<sub>10 </sub>, Co<sub>2</sub>(CO)<sub>8 </sub>.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>b.
Pembuatan Senyawa Logam Olefin</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>pada tahun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1827 W.C. Zeise, ahli farmasi dari spanyol
mendapatkan bahwa reaksi C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>dengan [PtCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-
</sup>dalam HCl encer menghasilkan senyawa yang berisi platina dan etilen
dengan rumus :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>[PtCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2- </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>[PtCl<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]<sup>-
</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cl<sup>-</sup></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Orange</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2 [PtCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2- </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>[ Pt<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4 </sub>(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>
</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>4Cl<sup>-</sup></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Rose</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>c.
Pembuatan Senyawa Senwich</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>sejak tahun 1950 telah banyak dibuat
senyawa – senyawa logam transisi, dimana atom logam terdapat sebagai “daging”
di antara dua senyawa organik yang datar, seakan – akan berupa “roti slice”
dalam molekul yang berbentuk “sandwich”. Senyawa yang paling stabil berisi
anion siklopentadien (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>).</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>.
Pengaruh ligan atom pusat pada warna senyawa kompleks</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>a. Banyak
kompleks logam transisi memiliki warna yang khas. Hal ini berarti ada absorpsi
di daerah sinar tampak dari elektron yang dieksitasi oleh cahaya tampak dari
tingkat energi orbital molekul kompleks yang diisi elektron ke tingkat energi
yang kosong. Bila perbedaan energi antar orbital yang dapat mengalami transisi
disebut ΔΕ, frekuensi absorpsi ν diberikan oleh persamaan ΔΕ = hν. Transisi
elektronik yang dihasilkan oleh pemompaan optis (cahaya) diklasifikasikan
secara kasar menjadi dua golongan. Bila kedua orbital molekul yang memungkinkan
transisi memiliki karakter utama d, transisinya disebut transisi d-d atau
transisi medanligan, dan panjang gelombang absorpsinya bergantung sekali pada
pembelahan medanligan. Bila satu dari dua orbital memiliki karakter utama logam
dan orbital yang lain memiliki karakter ligan, transisinya disebut transfer muatan.
Transisi transfer muatan diklasifikasikan atas transfer muatan logam ke ligan
(metal (M) to ligand (L) charge-transfers (MLCT)) dan transfer muatan ligan ke
logam (LMCT).<br />
Karena analisis spektra kompleks oktahedral cukup mudah, spektra kompleks ini telah
dipelajari dengan detail beberapa tahun. Bila kompleks memiliki satu elektron
d, analisisnya sangat sederhana. Misalnya, Ti dalam [Ti(OH2)6] 3+ adalah ion
d1, dan elektronnya menempati orbital t2g yang dihasilkan oleh pembelahan medan
ligan oktahedral. Kompleksnya bewarna ungu akibat absorpsi pada 492 nm (20300
cm-1) berhubungan dengan pemompaan optis elektron d ke orbital eg. Namun, dalam
kompleks dengan lebih dari satu elektron d, ada interaksi tolakan antar
elektron, dan spektrum transisi d-d memiliki lebih dari satu puncak. Misalnya
kompleks d3 [Cr(NH3)6]3+ menunjukkan dua puncak absorpsi d-d pada 400 nm (25000
cm-1), menyarankan bahwa kompleksnya memiliki dua kelompok orbital molekul yang
memungkinkan transisi elektronik dengan probabilitas transisi uang besar. Hal
ini berarti, bila tiga elektron di orbital t2g dieksitasi ke orbital eg, ada
perbedaan energi karena interaksi tolakan antar elektron. Jadi warna itu muncul
akibat interaksi optis (pemompaan optis/cahaya) ligan dengan atom pusat setelah
dalam bentuk senyawa kompleksnya</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><b>Teori medan ligan </b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Teori medan ligan adalah satu dari teori yang
paling bermanfaat untuk menjelaskan struktur elektronik kompleks. Awalnya teori
ini adalah aplikasi teorimedan kristal pada sistem kompleks.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><b>Kompleks oktahedral berbilangan koordinasi
enam </b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lima orbital d dalam kation logam transisi
terdegenerasi dan memiliki energi yang sama.Medan listrik negatif yang sferik
di sekitar kation logam akan menghasilkan tingkat energi total yang lebih
rendah dari tingkat energi kation bebas sebab ada interaksi elektrostatik.
Interaksi repulsif antara elektron dalam orbital logam danmedanlistrik
mendestabilkan sistem dan sedikit banyak mengkompensasi stabilisasinya.Kini ion
tidak berada dalam medan negatif yang uniform, tetapi dalam medan yang
dihasilkan oleh enam ligan yang terkoordinasi secara oktahedral pada atom
logam. Medannegatif dari ligan disebut dengan medanligan. Muatan negatif, dalam
kasus ligannya anionik, atau ujung negatif (pasangan elektron bebas) dalam
kasus ligan netral, memberikan gayatolakan pada orbital d logam yang
anisotropik bergantung pada arah orbital. Positisi kation logam dianggap pusat
koordinat Cartesius. Maka, orbital d<sub>x2-y2</sub> dan d<sub>z2</sub>
berada searah dengan sumbu dan orbital d<sub>xy</sub>, d<sub>yz</sub>,
dan d<sub>xz</sub> berada di antara sumbu. Bila ligan ditempatkan di
sumbu, interaksi repulsifnya lebih besar untuk orbital e<sub>g</sub> (dx2-y2,
d<sub>z2</sub>) daripada untuk orbital t<sub>2g</sub> (d<sub>xy</sub>,
d<sub>yz</sub>, d<sub>xz</sub>), dan orbital eg didestabilkan dan
orbital t<sub>2g</sub> distabilkan dengan penstabilan yang sama.
Dalam diskusi berikut ini, hanya perbedaan energi antara orbital t<sub>2g</sub>
dan e<sub>g</sub> sangat penting dan energi rata-rata orbital-orbital
ini dianggap sebagai skala nol. Bila perbedaan energi dua orbital e<sub>g</sub>
dan tiga orbital t<sub>2g</sub> dianggap ∆<sub>o</sub>, tingkat
energi eg adalah +3/5∆<sub>o</sub> dan tingkat energi orbital t<sub>2g</sub>
adalah -2/5∆<sub>o</sub> (Gambar 6.6). (∆<sub>o</sub> biasanya juga diungkapkan
dengan 10 Dq. Dalam hal ini energi eg menjadi 6 Dq dan energi t<sub>2g</sub>-4
Dq).</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Ion logam transisi memiliki 0 sampai 10
elektron d dan bila orbital d yang terbelah diisi dari tingkat
energi rendah, konfigurasi elektron t<sub>2g</sub><sup>x</sup>e<sub>g</sub><sup>y</sup>
yang berkaitan dengan masing-masing ion didapatkan. Bila tingkat energi nol
ditentukan sebagai tingkat energi rata-rata, energi konfigurasi elektron
relatif terhadap energi nol adalah</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>LFSE = (-0.4x+0.6y)∆<sub>0</sub></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Nilai ini disebut energi penstabilan
medanligan (ligand field stabilization energy = LFSE). Konfigurasi
elektron dengan nilai LFSE lebih kecil (dengan memperhitungkan tanda minusnya)
lebih stabil. LFSE adalah parameter penting untuk menjelaskan kompleks logam
transisi.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Syarat lain selain tingkat energi yang
diperlukan untuk menjelaskan pengisian elektron dalam orbital t<sub>2g</sub>
dan e<sub>g</sub> adalah energi pemasangan. Bila elektron dapat
menempati orbital dengan spin antiparalel, namun akan ada tolakan elektrostatik
antar elektron dalam orbital yang sama. Tolakan ini disebut energi pemasangan (pairing
energy = P).</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Bila jumlah elektron d kurang dari tiga,
energi pemasangan diminimasi dengan menempatkan elektron dalam orbital t<sub>2g</sub>
dengan spin paralel. Dengan demikian konfigurasi elektron yang dihasilkan
adalah t<sub>2g</sub><sup>1</sup>, t<sub>2g</sub><sup>2</sup>,
atau t<sub>2g</sub><sup>3</sup>.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Dua kemungkinan yang mungkin muncul bila ada
elektron ke-empat. Orbital yang energinya lebih rendah t<sub>2g</sub>
lebih disukai tetapi pengisian orbital ini akan memerlukan energi pemasangan,
P.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Energi totalnya menjadi</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>-0.4∆<sub>o</sub> × 4 + p = -1.6∆<sub>o</sub> + P</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Bila elektron mengisi orbital yang energinya
lebih tinggi e<sub>g</sub>, energi totalnya menjadi</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>-0.4∆<sub>o</sub> × 3 + 0.6∆<sub>o</sub> =
-0.6∆<sub>o </sub></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Konfigurasi elektron yang akan dipilih
bergantung pada mana dari keduanya yang nilainya lebih besar. Oleh karena itu
bila ∆<sub>o</sub> > P, t<sub>2g</sub><sup>4</sup> lebih disukai dan
konfigurasi ini disebut medan kuat atau konfigurasi elektron spin rendah<b>.</b>
Bila ∆<sub>o</sub> < P, t<sub>2g</sub><sup>3</sup> e<sub>g</sub><sup>1</sup>
lebih disukai dan konfigurasi ini disebut medan lemah atau konfigurasi elektron
spin tinggi. Pilihan yang sama akan terjadi untuk kompleks oktahedral d<sup>5</sup>,
d<sup>6</sup>, dan d<sup>7</sup> dan dalam medan kuat akan
didapat t<sub>2g</sub><sup>5</sup>, t<sub>2g</sub><sup>6</sup>, t<sub>2g</sub><sup>6</sup>
eg<sup>1</sup> sementara dalam medan lemah akan lebih stabil bila
konfigurasinya t<sub>2g</sub><sup>3</sup> e<sub>g</sub><sup>2</sup>,
t<sub>2g</sub><sup>4</sup> e<sub>g</sub><sup>2</sup>, t<sub>2g</sub><sup>5</sup>
e<sub>g</sub><sup>2</sup>. Parameter pemisahan medan ligan ∆<sub>o</sub>
ditentukan oleh ligan dan logam, sementara energi pemasangan, P, hampir konstan
dan menunjukkan sedikit ketergantungan pada identitas logam.</i></div>
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<i><b> Ikatan σ</b></i></div>
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<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Orbital-orbital molekul yang dibentuk oleh
koordinasi dapat dilihat<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span> sebagai akibat dari donasi dua elektron<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>oleh tiap-tiap donor σ ligan ke
orbital-d <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a>.
Pada kompleks oktahedral, ligan mendekat ke logam sepanjang sumbu x, y,
dan z, sehingga orbital simetri σ nya membentuk kombinasi ikatan dan
anti-ikatan pada orbital d<sub>z</sub><sup>2</sup> dan d<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup><sub>−y</sub><sup>2</sup>.
Orbital d<sub>xy</sub>, d<sub>xz</sub> dan d<sub>yz</sub>
yang tersisa menjadi orbital non-ikatan. Beberapa interaksi ikatan (dan
anti-ikatan) yang lemah dengan orbital s dan p logam juga
terjadi, menghasilkan total 6 orbital molekul ikatan (dan 6 orbital
anti-ikatan).</i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ligand-Field scheme summarizing σ-bonding in the
octahedral complex [Ti(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>. Dalam istilah
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simetri_molekul&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Simetri molekul (halaman belum tersedia)">simetri molekul</a>, enam
orbital pasangan menyendiri ligan-ligan membentuk enam kombinasi linear simetri
tersuai (Bahasa Inggris: Symmetry adapated linear combination) orbital
atau juga disebut sebagai orbital kelompok ligan (ligand group orbitals).
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Representasi_taktereduksi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Representasi taktereduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Representasi
taktereduksinya</a> adalah a<sub>1g</sub>, t<sub>1u</sub> dan e<sub>g</sub>.
Logam juga mempunyai enam orbital valensi yang memiliki <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Representasi_taktereduksi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Representasi taktereduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">representasi
taktereduksi</a> yang sama, yaitu orbital s berlabel a<sub>1g</sub>,
orbital p berlabel t<sub>1u</sub>, dan orbital d<sub>z</sub><sup>2</sup>
beserta d<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup><sub>−y</sub><sup>2</sup>
berlabel e<sub>g</sub>. Enam orbital molekul ikatan σ dihasilkan oleh
kombinasi orbital SALC ligan dengan orbital logam yang bersimetri sama.</i></div>
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<i><b>
Ikatan π</b></i></div>
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<i>Ikatan π pada kompleks oktahedral terbentuk
dengan dua cara: via orbital p ligan yang tidak digunakan pada ikatan σ,
ataupun via orbital molekul π atau π<sup>*</sup> yang terdapat pada ligan.
Orbital-orbital p logam digunakan untuk ikatan σ, sehingga interaksi π
terjadi via orbital d, yakni d<sub>xy</sub>, d<sub>xz</sub>
dan d<sub>yz</sub>. Orbital-orbital ini adalah orbital yang tidak
berikatan apabila hanya terjadi ikatan σ.</i></div>
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<i>Satu ikatan π pada kompleks koordinasi yang
penting adalah ikatan π logam ke ligan, juga dikenal sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_balik_pi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ikatan balik pi (halaman belum tersedia)">ikatan balik π</a>. Ia terjadi
ketika <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LUMO&action=edit&redlink=1" title="LUMO (halaman belum tersedia)">LUMO</a> ligannya adalah orbital π<sup>*</sup>
anti-ikatan. Orbital-orbital ini berenergi sangat dekat dengan orbital-orbital d<sub>xy</sub>,
d<sub>xz</sub> dan d<sub>yz</sub> orbitals, sehingga mereka dapat
membentuk orbital ikatan. Orbital anti-ikatan ini berenergi lebih tinggi
daripada orbital anti-ikatan dari ikatan σ bonding, sehingga setelah orbital
ikatan π yang baru terisi dengan elektron dari orbital-orbital d logam,
Δ<sub>O</sub> meningkat dan ikatan antara ligan dengan logam menguat.
Ligan-ligan pada akhirnya memiliki elektron pada orbital molekul π<sup>*</sup>-nya,
sehingga ikatan π pada ligan melemah.</i></div>
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<i>Bentuk koordinasi ikatan π yang lain adalah
ikatan ligan ke logam. Hal ini terjadi apabila orbital simetri- π p atau
orbital π pada ligan terisi. Ia bergabung dengan orbital d<sub>xy</sub>,
d<sub>xz</sub> dan d<sub>yz</sub> logam, dan mendonasikan
elektron-elektronnya, sehingga menghasilkan ikatan simetri-π antara ligan
dengan logam. Ikatan logam-ligan menguat oleh interaksi ini, namun orbital
molekul anti-ikatan dari ikatan ligan ke logam tidak setinggi orbital molekul
anti-ikatan dari ikatan σ. Ia terisi dengan elektron yang berasal dari orbital d
logam dan menjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HOMO&action=edit&redlink=1" title="HOMO (halaman belum tersedia)">HOMO</a> kompleks tersebut. Oleh karena
itu, Δ<sub>O</sub> menurun ketika ikatan ligan ke logam terjadi.</i></div>
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<i>Stabilisasi yang dihasilkan oleh ikatan logam
ke ligan diakibatkan oleh donasi muatan negatif dari ion logam ke ligan. Hal
ini mengijinkan logam menerima ikatan σ lebih mudah. Kombinasi ikatan σ ligan
ke logam dan ikatan π logam ke ligan merupakan efek <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinergi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sinergi (halaman belum tersedia)">sinergi</a> dan memperkuat satu sama
lainnya.</i></div>
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<i>Karena enam ligan mempunyai dua orbital
simetri π, terdapat total keseluruhan dua belas orbital tersebut. Kombinasi
linear simetri tersuainya mempunyai empat degenerat triplet representasi
taktereduksi, salah satunya bersimetri t<sub>2g</sub>. Orbital d<sub>xy</sub>,
d<sub>xz</sub> dan d<sub>yz</sub> pada logam juga mempunyai
simetri ini, sehingga ikatan π yang terbentuk antara logam pusat dengan enam
ligan juga mempunyai simetri tersebut.</i></div>
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</span></span></span><b>Sintesis senyawa kompleks</b></i></div>
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<i>Banyak sintesis senyawa kompleks yang telah dilakukan menghasilkan
senyawa antara sebagai katalis yang dapat membantu dalam reaksi-reaksi kimia.
Salah satu senyawa yang dapat digunakan dalam sintesis kompleks adalah ligan
yang berasal dari basa Schiff, dimana senyawa kompleks yang terbebtuk merupakan
salah satu senyawa antara yang dapat digunakan untuk bermacam penerapan ilmu,
seperti dalam ilmu biologi, klinik dan analitik. Kerja dan aktivitas obat
menunjukkan kenaikan setelah dijadikan logam-logam transisi terkhelat yang
ternyata lebih baik daripada hanya menggunakan senyawa organik.Logam-logam
transisi seperti Mn(II), Cu(II) merupakan asam yang baik dalam pembentukan
senyawa kompleks dengan ligan basa Schiff. Prinsip yang digunakan adalah
prinsip reaksi kondensasi dimana dua atau lebih molekul bergabung menjadi satu
molekul yang lebih besar, dengan atau tanpa hilangnya suatu molekul kecil
seperti reaksi pada ligan basa Schiff turunanan dari karbazona dan anilina.
Sintesis ligan basa Schiff melalui reaksi kondensasi yang terjadi pada 1,5
dimethylkarbazona dan anilina, menunjukkan bahwa keduanya mempunyai nitrogen
dan oksigen yang merupakan donor karena memiliki pasangan elektron bebas yang
dapat disumbangkan dalam ikatan kovalen koordinasi yang terbentuk dalam senyawa
kompleks. Ligan inilah yang kemudian akan diikatkan atau digabungkan dengan
logam-logam transisi seperti Mn(II), Cu(II) membentuk senyawa kompleks. Ligan
yang terbentuk tergolong dalam ligan multidentat atau ligan khelat, tergantung
dari banyaknya tempat yang dapat diikat oleh atom pusat.Senyawa kompleks yang
terbentuk dari ligan basa Schiff dan ion logam transisi merupakan katalisator,
dan dalam prosesnya terjadi hibridisasi yang berbeda-beda untuk tiap logam.
Struktur senyawa kompleks dapat dijelaskan melalui teori ikatan valensi,
teorimedankristal dan teori orbital molekul.</i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b>Struktur
Elektronik Kompleks</b></i></div>
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<i>Diperlukan beberapa konsep untuk memahami struktur, spektrum, kemagnetan,
dan kereaktifan kompleks yang bergantung pada konfigurasi elektron d.
Khususnya, teori struktur elektronik sangat penting.Beberapa ligan dapat
dideretkan dalam suatu deret spektrokimia berdasarkan kekuatan medannya, yang
tersusun sebagai berikut : I<sup>- </sup>< Br<sup>- </sup>< S<sup>2- </sup><
SCN<sup>- </sup>< Cl<sup>- </sup>< NO<sub>3</sub><sup>- </sup>< F<sup>-
</sup>< OH<sup>-</sup>< Ox<sup>2- </sup>< H<sub>2</sub>O < NCS<sup>-
</sup>< NH<sub>3 </sub>< en < bipi < fen < NO<sub>2</sub><sup>- </sup><
CN<sup>- </sup>< CO, dengan Ox = oksalat, en =etilendiamin, bipi =
2,2’-bipiridin dan fen = fenantrolin ( Huhey, 1993). Ligan NO<sub>2 </sub>dalam
deret spektrokimia lebih kuat dibandingkan ligan-ligan feroin (fenantrolin,
bipiridin dan etilendiamin) dan lebih lemah dari ligan CN.</i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b>Kegunaan senyawa kompleks</b></i></div>
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<i>Senyawa kompleks sebagai katalis</i></div>
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<i>Studi mengenai senyawa kompleks logam transisi menjadi sangat menarik
terkait sifat kimianya yang dapat diaplikasikan sebagai katalis. Sifat-sifat
logam pusat seperti muatan, tingkatan oksidasi, konfigurasi elektron dan
geometri akan memberikan pengaruh pada reaktifitas senyawa kompleks tersebut.</i></div>
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<i><br />
Katalis senyawa kompleks logam transisi dengan rumus umum [M(L)n]x[A]y dimana M
adalah ion logam pusat, L adalah ligan lemah dan A adalah anion lawan berdaya
koordinasi lemah atau sama sekali non koordinasi, beberapa diantaranya telah diaplikasikan
sebagai katalis dalam reaksi kimia organik. Reaktifitas senyawa kompleks logam
transisi ini sebagai katalis muncul disebabkan oleh karena dua hal. Pertama,
ligan lemah yang terikat pada ion logam pusat dapat dengan mudah disubsitusi
atau digantikan kedudukannya oleh substrat. Kedua, anion lawan yang berdaya
koordinasi lemah atau sama sekali non koordinasi yang merupakan suatu asam
lewis kuat, dapat meningkatkan keasaman lewis dari logam pusat. Keasaman
diperlukan untuk menarik substrat agar terikat ke pusat aktif logam. Beberapa
senyawa kompleks tembaga(II) seperti [Cu(NCCH3)6][B(C6F5)4]2 dan
[Cu(NCCH3)6][BF4]2 dilaporkan telah berhasil disintesis dan diaplikasikan pada
reaksi kimia organik seperti aziridinasi dan siklopropanasi berbagai senyawa
olefin pada tempratur ruang baik pada fasa homogen maupun heterogen. Pada fasa
homogen, katalis-katalis ini menunjukkan hasil yang memuaskan dengan rendemen
hasil dan selektifitas yang tinggi. Sedangkan pada fasa heterogen
katalis-katalis ini menunjukkan penurunan aktifitas setelah digunakan untuk
beberapa kali reaksi. Meski demikian, katalis homogen masih memiliki beberapa
kelemahan seperti sulitnya pemisahan dari produk, serta akumulasi logam dan
ligan yang bersifat toksik dari senyawa komplek logam transisi yang dapat
mecemari lingkungan</i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b>Warna kompleks logam transisi</b></i></div>
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<i>Warna-warna cerah yang terlihat pada kebanyakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_koordinasi" title="Senyawa koordinasi">senyawa koordinasi</a> dapat dijelaskan dengan teori
medan kristal ini. Jika <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom">orbital-d</a> dari sebuah kompleks berpisah menjadi
dua kelompok seperti yang dijelaskan di atas, maka ketika molekul tersebut
menyerap <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a>
dari cahaya tampak, satu atau lebih elektron yang berada dalam orbital tersebut
akan meloncat dari orbital-d yang berenergi lebih rendah ke orbital-d
yang berenergi lebih tinggi, menghasilkan keadaam atom yang tereksitasi.
Perbedaan energi antara atom yang berada dalam keadaan dasar dengan yang berada
dalam keadaan tereksitasi sama dengan energi foton yang diserap dan berbanding
terbalik dengan gelombang cahaya. Karena hanya gelombang-gelombang cahaya (λ)
tertentu saja yang dapat diserap (gelombang yang memiliki energi sama dengan
energi eksitasi), senyawa-senyawa tersebut akan memperlihatkan warna
komplementer (gelombang cahaya yang tidak terserap).</i></div>
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<i>Seperti yang dijelaskan di atas, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligan" title="Ligan">l<span style="color: black;">igan-ligan</span></a>
yang berbeda akan menghasilkan medan kristal yang energinya berbeda-beda pula,
sehingga kita bisa melihat warna-warna yang bervariasi. Untuk sebuah ion logam,
medan ligan yang lebih lemah akan membentuk kompleks yang Δ-nya bernilai
rendah, sehingga akan menyerap cahaya dengan λ yang lebih panjang dan
merendahkan frekuensi ν. Sebaliknya medan ligan yang lebih kuat akan
menghasilkan Δ yang lebih besar, menyerap λ yang lebih pendek, dan meningkatkan
ν. Sangtalah jarang energi foton yang terserap akan sama persis dengan
perbedaan energi Δ; terdapat beberapa faktor-faktor lain seperti tolakan
elektron dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efek_Jahn-Teller&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Efek Jahn-Teller (halaman belum tersedia)">efek Jahn-Teller</a> yang
akan mempengaruhi perbedaan energi antara keadaan dasar dengan keadaan
tereksitas</i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TATA NAMA SENYAWA KOMPLEKS</b></i></div>
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<i>Tata cara penamaan senyawa kompleks antara
lain dipublikasikan oleh IUPAC dalam <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nomenclature
of Inorganic Chemistry</span> ( Blackwell Scientific Publisher, 1989).</i></div>
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<i>Beberapa aturan dasar dalam penamaan senyawa
kompleks dijelaskan berikut ini.</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">PENULISAN
NAMA SENYAWA KOMPLEKS</span></b></i></div>
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<i>
Dalam menuliskan nama dari suatu senyawa kompleks, beberapa aturan dasar adalah
sebagai berikut :</i></div>
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<i>1.
Nama ion positif dalam senyawa kompleks dituliskan di awal, diikuti nama ion
negatif</i></div>
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<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Untuk menuliskan nama ion
kompleks, nama ligan dituliskan pertama dan diurutkan secara alfabetis (tanpa
memandang jenis muatannya), diikuti oleh nama logam</i></div>
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<i>Contoh : </i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>[CoSO<sub>4</sub>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]NO<sub>3</sub></i>
</div>
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<i>tetraamminsulfatkobalt
(III) nitrat</i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>K<sub>4</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>kalium heksasianoferat
(II)</i></div>
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<i>3.
Jika dalam senyawa kompleks ada sejumlah ligan yang sama, biasanya digunakan
awalan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">di</span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tri</span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tetra</span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">penta</span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">heksa</span>, dan seterusnya untuk menunjukkan jumlah ligan dari jenis
itu. Suatu pengecualian terjadi jika nama dari suatu ligan mengandung suatu
angka, misalnya <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">di</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">piridil</span> atau <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">etilen<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">di</b>amin</span>.
Untuk menghindari kerancuan dalam kasus semacam itu, digunakan awalan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bis</span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tris</span>,
dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tetrakis</span> sebgai ganti <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">di</span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tri,</span>
dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tetra</span>, dan nama dari ligan
ditempatkan dalam tanda kurung.</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>Contoh :</i></div>
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<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span> [Co(en)<sub>3</sub>]<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></i></div>
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<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tris(etilendiammin)kobalt(III) sulfat</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Co(en)<sub>2</sub>(ONO)Cl]Cl</i></div>
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<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bis(etilendiammin)nitritokobalt(III) klorida</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Contoh lain :</i></div>
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<i>Senyawa [Cu(py)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>], (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">py</span> adalah ligan piridin), tidak
dinamakan sebagai <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dikloro<u>dipiridin</u>tembaga
(II)</span>. Kompleks tersebut dinamakan sebagai kompleks <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dikloro<u>bis(piridin)</u>tembaga(II)</span>. Penamaan tersebut
dikarenakan kompleks mengandung 2 ligan piridin, bukan 1 ligan dipiridin.</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Aturan Penulisan Nama Ligan</u></span></b></i></div>
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<i>(a)
Nama dari ligan yang bermuatan negatif beri akhiran <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">–o</b>, contohnya:</i></div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 71.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 71.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 6.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>F<sup>-</sup>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fluoro</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
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<i>Cl<sup>-</sup>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kloro</span></i></div>
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<i>Br<sup>-</sup>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bromo</span></i></div>
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<i>I<sup>-</sup>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">iodo</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 71.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.25pt;" valign="top" width="136">
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<i>H<sup>-</sup>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hidrida</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
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<i>OH<sup>-</sup>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hidrokso</span></i></div>
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<i>O<sup>2-</sup>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">okso</span></i></div>
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<i>O<sub>2</sub><sup>-2</sup>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">perokso</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 71.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
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<i>HS<sup>-</sup>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">merkapto</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
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<i>S<sup>2-</sup>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">thio</span></i></div>
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<i>CN<sup>-</sup>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">siano</span></i></div>
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<i>NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nitro</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list 45.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>(b)
Ligan yang tidak bermuatan atau netral tidak diberi akhiran khusus. Contohnya
meliputi NH<sub>3</sub> (amina), H<sub>2</sub>O (akua), CO (karbonil) dan NO
(nitrosil). Ligan N<sub>2</sub> dan O<sub>2</sub> disebut dinitrogen dan
dioksigen. Ligan organik biasanya disebut dengan nama lazimnya, contohnya
fenil, metil, etilendiamin, piridin, trifenilfosfin</i></div>
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<i>(c)
Walaupun jarang ada, ligan yang bermuatan positif diberi akhiran <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">–ium</b>, misalnya NH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>
(hidrazinium)</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>Beberapa ligan yang cukup rumit strukturnya
atau memiliki nama yang cukup panjang dapat dituliskan dengan menggunakan
singkatan tertentu. Beberapa nama ligan yang umumnya disingkat dapat dilihat
dalam tabel berikut.</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 499px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-color: black; border-left: 1.5pt; border-right: 1.0pt; border-style: solid; border-top: 1.5pt; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: 1.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 186.75pt;" width="249">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><b>Nama ligan</b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-color: black; border-left: 1.0pt; border-right: 1.5pt; border-style: solid; border-top: 1.5pt; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: 1.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 187.5pt;" width="250">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><b>Simbol/singkatan</b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 160.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt; border-color: black; border-left: 1.5pt; border-right: 1.0pt; border-style: solid; border-top: 1.0pt; height: 160.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 186.75pt;" width="249">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span>
Etilendiamin<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span>
Piridin</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span>
Propilendiammin</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span>
Dietilendiammin</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span>
Trietilendiammin</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span>
Bipiridin</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span>
Etilendiamintetraasetat</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span>
Dimetilglioksimat</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span>
Fenantrolin<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1.5pt; border-color: black; border-left: 1.0pt; border-right: 1.5pt; border-style: solid; border-top: 1.0pt; height: 160.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: .75pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 187.5pt;" width="250">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>en<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>py</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>pn</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>dien</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>trien</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>bipy</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>EDTA</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>DMG</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Phen<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Aturan Penulisan Nama Logam</u></span></b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>a.
Nama logam pusat dalam ion kompleks dituliskan paling akhir</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>b.
Logam pada kompleks negatif (anion) diberi akhiran –at</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Contoh : Na[Co(CO)<sub>4</sub>] = natrium
tetrakarbonilkobaltat (I)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>c.
Logam pada kompleks netral atau kompleks positif (kation) tidak diberi akhiran
khusus</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Contoh :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>[Co(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]
= Triammindinitrokobalt(III)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>[CoSO<sub>4</sub>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]NO<sub>3</sub>
= Tetraamminsulfatokobalt(III)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>d.
Muatan dari logam pusat ditunjukkan dengan angka Romawi yang langsung
dituliskan di belakang nama logam tersebut</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">PENULISAN
RUMUS MOLEKUL SENYAWA KOMPLEKS</span></b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Dalam menuliskan rumus molekul senyawa
kompleks, ada beberapa aturan yang harus iikuti, yaitu sebagai berikut :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>1.
Ion kompleks dituliskan dalam tanda kurung persegi </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>2.
Logam dituliskan pertama, diikuti ligan</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in;">
<i>3.
Ligan dituliskan setelah logam dengan urutan : <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ligan negatif – ligan netral – ligan positif</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in;">
<i>4.
Urutan penulisan ligan dengan muatan yang sama disesuaikan dengan urutan
abjad<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Contoh :</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>triammintrinitrokobalt (III) = [Co(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kalium
nitrosilpentasianoferat(II) = K[Fe(CN)<sub>5</sub>NO] </i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">LIGAN AMBIDENTAT</span></b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 33.75pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Beberapa jenis ligan memiliki lebih dari satu pasang elektron bebas yang
bisa digunakan dalam pembentukan ikatan, sehingga dapat terikat pada logam
melalui atom yang berbeda. Ligan semacam ini disebut sebagai ligan ambidentat. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 20.25pt;">
<i>Contoh :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> :
nitro
ONO<sup>-</sup> : nitrito</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i>Ligan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nitro</span> berikatan dengan logam melalui
pasangan elektron bebas pada atom N. Adapun ligan nitrito berikatan dengan
logam melalui psangan elektron bebas yang dimiliki oleh atom O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: list .5in;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SCN<sup>-</sup> :
tiosianato
NCS<sup>-</sup> : isotiosiano</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i>Tiosianat terikat
pada logam melalui atom S. Sedangkan isotiosianta membentuk ikatan dengan logam
melalui pasangan elektron bebas yang dimiliki oleh atom N</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<i>Atom pada ligan
yang berikatan dengan logam dapat pula ditunjukkan dengan menuliskannya dalam <b>huruf
kapital</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Contoh :</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2
(kuning-kecoklatan)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Pentaamminnitrokobalt(III) klorida</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>pentaamminnitrito-N-kobalt(III) klorida</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>[Co(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl2
(merah)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Pentaamminnitritokobalt(III) klorida</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Pentaamminnitrito-O-kobalt(III) klorida</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">LIGAN JEMBATAN</span></b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 33.75pt;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada sejumlah kompleks, terdapat lebih dari satu
atom logam sebagai atom pusat dari kompleks tersebut. </span>Kedua atom logam
dihubungkan oleh ligan yang berfungsi sebagai jembatan dengan menghubungkan 2
atom logam tersebut. Ligan semacam ini disebut sebagai ligan jembatan</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 33.75pt;">
<i>Ligan yang
berfungsi sebagai ligan jembatan pada penulisannya diberi awalan <b><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">μ</span>. </b>Jika ada dua atau lebih
ligan jembatan, dinyatakan sebagai di-<span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">μ</span> atau <span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">μ</span>-di,tri-<span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">μ</span> atau <span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">μ</span>-tri, dan seterusnya</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 33.75pt;">
<i>Urutan ligan
jembatan dalam penulisan nama kompleks disesuaikan secara alfabetis dengan
ligan-ligan lainnya dalam kompleks tersebut</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b>Alat
dan bahan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Alat</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Adapun alat yang digunakan adalah</i></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 45.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>No </b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>Alat
</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>Jumlah
</b></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>1</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>Tabung
reaksi</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>2
buah</b></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>2</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>Penangas
air</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>1
buah</b></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>3</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>Hotplate
</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>1
buah</b></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>4</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>Gelas
ukur</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>2
buah</b></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>5</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>Pipet
tetes </b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>3
buah</b></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bahan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 214.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Adapun bahan yang digunakan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 214.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 45.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>No </b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>Bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>Jumlah
</b></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>1</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>Larutan
COCl<sub>3</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>0,1
M</b></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>2</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>Larutan
NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>0,1
M</b></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>3</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>Larutan
NH<sub>4</sub>OH</b></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b>0,1
M</b></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b>Prosedur
kerja</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memasukkan 2 mL
larutan CoCl<sub>3</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O 0,1 M ke dalam tabung reaksi. Kemudian
mencatat warna larutan yang ada.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Secara perlahan memasukkan satu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tetes larutan amonia ke dalam tabung reaksi
(jangan mengenai dinding tabung reaksi) lalu mengguncang tabung secara perlahan
dan hati – hati, kemudian mengamati apa yang terjadi.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Melanjutkan penambahan larutan amonia tetes yang kedua,
ketiga, keempat dan seterusnya dan setiap penambahan tetesan amonia ini tabung
reaksi diguncang perlahan dan mengamati apa yang terjadi</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Melakukan penambahan larutan amonia sampai tidak ada
perubahan warna larutan dalam tabung reaksi.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Memanaskan tabung reaksi setelah langkah 4 dalam
penangas air yang sudah hampir mendidih selama 30 menit. Kemudian mencatat
hasil pengamatan pada setiap 2 menit pengamatan.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Melakukan kegiatan 1 sampai 5 untuk larutan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O mencatat
semua pengamatan anda.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">VI.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hasil
Pengamatan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #999999; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: white; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>No.<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 180.95pt;" valign="top" width="241">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>Perlakuan <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.2pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>Hasil Pengamatan<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .45in;" valign="top" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>A.<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>1.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>2.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>3.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>B</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>1</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>2</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>3<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 180.95pt;" valign="top" width="241">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>2 mL larutan CoCl<sub>3</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O 0,1 M </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>2 ml CoCl<sub>3</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O 0,1 M + 1 <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>tetes NH<sub>4</sub>OH</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetes kedua</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetes ketiga</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetes keempat</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetes kelima</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>Memanaskan tabung selama 30 menit,menit ke</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke Dua</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke Empat</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke Enam</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke Delapan</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke Sepuluh</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke Dua belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke empat belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke enam belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke delapan belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke dua puluh</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke dua puluh dua</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke dua puluh empat</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke dua puluh enam</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke dua puluh delapan</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ke tiga puluh</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>2 ml NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O 0,1M</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>2 ml NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O 0,1 M +</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>1 Tetes NH<sub>4</sub>OH</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tetes pertama</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tetes kedua</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tetesan ketiga</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tetesan keempat</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tetesan kelima</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Memanaskan tabung selama 30 menit,menit ke</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dua</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Empat</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span> </i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Enam</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Delapan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sepuluh</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Empat belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Enam belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Delapan belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dua puluh</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dua puluh dua</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dua puluh empat</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dua puluh enam</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dua puluh delapan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tiga puluh</i></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.2pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warnanya pink bening ( warna larutan awal)</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna larutan pink bening dan belum ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nya endapan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tidak terjadi perubahan sama seperti
penambahan 1 tetes NH<sub>4</sub>OH</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna larutan pink bening dan ada nya endapan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna larutan pink keruh dan mengendap</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tidak terjadi perubahan sama seperti tetes ke
empat.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna larutan pink keruh,serta ada nya
gelembung disekitar diding tabung</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tidak terjadi perubahan sama seperti dua menit
pertama</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna larutan pink keruh dan terbentuk endapan
ungu</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Larutan berwarna pink bening dan endapan
berada didasar tabung</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ada nya endapan seperti gel didasar
larutanyang berwarna ungu</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>Larutan berwarna pink
bening ( tidak keruh ).</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tidak ada perubahan hasil pengamatan sama
seperti menit ke sepuluh</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tidak ada perubahan hasil pengamatan sama
seperti menit ke sepuluh</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna larutan pink bening dan endapan didasar
tabung reaksi semakin banyak</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna larutan tetap pink bening dan endapan
semakin pekat serta berwarna ungu muda</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tidak terjadi perubahan hasil pengamatan sama seperti
menit ke delapan belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tidak terjadi perubahan hasil pengamatan sama
seperti menit ke delapan belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tidak terjadi perubahan hasil pengamatan sama
seperti menit ke delapan belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tidak terjadi perubahan hasil pengamatan sama
seperti menit ke delapan belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna larutan pink bening endapan mengumpul
didasar tabung reaksi serta endapan nya berwarna ungu</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna larutan pink bening endapan mengumpul
didasar tabung reaksi serta endapan nya berwarna ungu</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>Ada nya gelembung udara
diatas dan di dinding tabung.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna hijau bening</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna larutan lebih bening dari larutan awal</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna hijau lebih muda dari tetesan pertama</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna hijau lebih muda dari tetesan kedua</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna hijau lebih muda dari tetesan ketiga</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna hijau lebih muda dari tetesan keempat</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna hijau bening</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna tetap hijau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bening</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna larutan hijau bening dan mulai terbentuk
endapan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pada bagian atas larutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berwarna hijau tua dan pada bagian bawah
berwarna hijau muda dan terbentuk endapan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama seperti menit kedelapan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama dan endapan turun kelapisan bawah
larutan</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna hijau mulai berkurang dan endapan tetap
ada</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama seperti menit sebelum nya</i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
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</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
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</td>
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</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">VII.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pembahasan
Hasil Percobaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Percobaan ini dilakukan untuk memperkirakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumus molekul senyawa kompleks berdasarkan
perubahan warna senyawa yang terbentuk. Langkah pertama pada bagian A ialah
memasukkan 2 mL larutan COCl<sub>3</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O 0,1 M ke dalam tabung
reaksi. Warna dari larutan NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O 0,1 M Pink bening
(warna larutan awal ). Kemudian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secara
perlahan memasukkan satu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tetes larutan
amonia ke dalam tabung reaksi (jangan mengenai dinding tabung reaksi) lalu mengguncang
tabung secara perlahan dan hati – hati. Langkah selanjutnya adalah melanjutkan
penambahan larutan amonia tetes yang kedua, ketiga, keempat dan seterusnya dan
setiap penambahan tetesan amonia ini tabung reaksi diguncang perlahan. Setelah
diamati ketika penambahan 1 tetes Warna larutan pink bening dan belum ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nya endapan</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Tetes kedua tidak ada perubahan sama seperti tetes pertama Tetes
ketiga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Warna larutan pink bening dan ada
nya endapan Tetes keempat Warna larutan pink keruh dan mengendap tetes kelima
Tidak terjadi perubahan sama seperti tetes ke empat.Perubahan warna setelah
penambahan beberapa tetes larutan amonia (NH<sub>3</sub>), dikarenakan hadirnya
ligan NH<sub>3 </sub>yang menyebabkan pemisahan (splitting) tingkat energi pada
orbital – orbital yang ada pada senyawa NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O.
Sehingga sinar – sinar tampak mengeksitasi elektron dari orbital <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">d</span> energi rendah ke orbital <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">d</span> energi tinggi. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Penggantian ligan dari ligan
dengan medan lemah ke ligan dengan medan kuat, akan memberikan Δ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(selisih tingkat energi antara orbital <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">d</span> energi rendah dengan orbital <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">d</span> energi tinggi) yang semakin besar. Hal
ini mengakibatkan sinar yang diserap panjang gelombangnya semakin pendek,
artinya warna komplemennya atau yang tampak oleh mata akan memudar atau bahkan
berubah tergantung dari ligannya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ligan
air (H<sub>2</sub>O) memiliki energi 40,85 kkal/mol yang lebih rendah daripada
amonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) yaitu 46,87 kkal/mol. Hal ini disebabkan oleh ligan H<sub>2</sub>O
bersifat sebagai ligan lemah. Ligan lemah dalam kompleks menyebabkan elektron
memiliki spin tinggi pada tingkat energi e<sub>g </sub>. Sedangkan ligan amonia
(NH<sub>3</sub>) bersifat sebagai ligan kuat. Amonia dalam kompleks menyebabkan
elektron spin rendah karena elektron dapat ditempatkan pada arah energi orbital
t<sub>2g </sub>sebagai elektron berpasangan. Untuk menghindari adanya gaya
tolak menolak antara dua elektron dalam satu kamar maka diperlukan energi 10 Dq
yang lebih besar. Tidak ada interaksi dengan tingkat energi e<sub>g</sub>
sehingga jarak kedua energi tersebut lebih menjauh. Maka energi yang dimiliki
seutuhnya berada pada tingkat energi t<sub>2g </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai energi 10 Dq. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Dengan demikian, ligan NH<sub>3</sub>
dipahami lebih kuat daripada ligan H<sub>2</sub>O, sebanding dengan energi 10
Dq yang dimilikinya, berbanding terbalik dengan panjang gelombang maksimum yang
terabsorb. Penggantian ligan H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada NiCl<sub>2</sub> dengan ligan NH<sub>3</sub> menyebabkan perubahan
warna dari pink bening menjadi pink keruh. Sehingga dapat diperkirakan bahwa
senyawa kompleks yang terbentuk adalah [CO(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Langkah Selanjutnya melakukan penambahan
larutan amonia sampai tidak ada perubahan warna larutan dalam tabung reaksi.
Setelah itu, memanaskan tabung reaksi dalam penangas air yang sudah hampir
mendidih selama 30 menit. Pada saat pemanasan berlangsung selama 2 menit Warna
larutan pink keruh,serta ada nya gelembung disekitar diding tabung</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Menit keempat Tidak terjadi perubahan sama seperti dua menit kedua</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Menit keenam Warna larutan pink keruh dan terbentuk endapan ungu</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>Menit kedelapan Larutan berwarna pink bening dan endapan
berada didasar tabung</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>Menit kesepuluh Ada nya endapan seperti gel didasar
larutanyang berwarna ungu</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>Larutan berwarna pink bening ( tidak keruh ).</i></div>
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<i>Menit kedua belas Tidak ada perubahan hasil pengamatan sama
seperti menit ke sepuluh</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<i>Menit keempat belas Tidak ada perubahan hasil pengamatan sama
seperti menit ke sepuluh</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Menit keenam belas Warna larutan pink bening dan endapan didasar tabung
reaksi semakin banyak</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Menit kedelapan belas Warna larutan tetap pink bening dan endapan
semakin pekat serta berwarna ungu muda</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Menit kedua puluh Tidak terjadi perubahan hasil pengamatan sama seperti
menit ke delapan belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Menit kedua puluh dua Tidak terjadi perubahan hasil pengamatan sama
seperti menit ke delapan belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Menit kedua puluh empat Tidak terjadi perubahan hasil pengamatan sama
seperti menit ke delapan belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Menit kedua puluh enam Tidak terjadi perubahan hasil pengamatan sama
seperti menit ke delapan belas</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Menit kedua puluh delapan Warna larutan pink bening endapan mengumpul
didasar tabung reaksi serta endapan nya berwarna ungu</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Menit ketiga puluh Warna larutan pink bening endapan mengumpul didasar
tabung reaksi serta endapan nya berwarna ungu Ada nya gelembung udara diatas
dan di dinding tabung.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Timbulnya endapan, gelembung gas
bahkan warna yang berubah adalah bagian dari reaksi kembalinya ion kompleks
yang terbentuk menjadi reaktan atau pereaksi. Hal ini dikarenakan reaksi
kompleks merupakan reaksi kesetimbangan, dimana reaksi yang terjadi tidak
pernah selesai. Sehingga, ketika senyawa kompleks yang terbentuk dipanaskan
dalam penangas air maka reaktan atau pereaksinya akan terbentuk kembali.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Pembahasan untuk bagian
kedua atau langkah kerja yang bagian B Adalah :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Percobaan ini dilakukan
untuk memperkirakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumus molekul
senyawa kompleks berdasarkan perubahan warna senyawa yang terbentuk. Langkah
pertama ialah memasukkan 2 mL larutan NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O 0,1 M ke
dalam tabung reaksi. Warna dari larutan NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O 0,1 M
adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hijau bening. Kemudian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secara perlahan memasukkan satu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tetes larutan amonia ke dalam tabung reaksi
(jangan mengenai dinding tabung reaksi) lalu mengguncang tabung secara perlahan
dan hati – hati. Langkah selanjutnya adalah melanjutkan penambahan larutan
amonia tetes yang kedua, ketiga, keempat dan seterusnya dan setiap penambahan
tetesan amonia ini tabung reaksi diguncang perlahan. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Setelah
diamati ketika penambahan 1 – 5 tetes larutan amonia hasil pengamatan nya
adalah sebagai berikut</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna larutan lebih bening dari larutan awal</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna hijau lebih muda dari tetesan pertama</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna hijau lebih muda dari tetesan kedua</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna hijau lebih muda dari tetesan ketiga</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna hijau lebih muda dari tetesan keempat</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perubahan warna setelah penambahan beberapa
tetes larutan amonia (NH<sub>3</sub>), dikarenakan hadirnya ligan NH<sub>3 </sub>yang
menyebabkan pemisahan (splitting) tingkat energi pada orbital – orbital yang
ada pada senyawa NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O. Sehingga sinar – sinar
tampak mengeksitasi elektron dari orbital <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">d</span>
energi rendah ke orbital <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">d</span> energi
tinggi. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Penggantian ligan dari ligan
dengan medan lemah ke ligan dengan medan kuat, akan memberikan Δ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(selisih tingkat energi antara orbital <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">d</span> energi rendah dengan orbital <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">d</span> energi tinggi) yang semakin besar. Hal
ini mengakibatkan sinar yang diserap panjang gelombangnya semakin pendek,
artinya warna komplemennya atau yang tampak oleh mata akan memudar atau bahkan
berubah tergantung dari ligannya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ligan
air (H<sub>2</sub>O) memiliki energi 40,85 kkal/mol yang lebih rendah daripada
amonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) yaitu 46,87 kkal/mol. Hal ini disebabkan oleh ligan H<sub>2</sub>O
bersifat sebagai ligan lemah. Ligan lemah dalam kompleks menyebabkan elektron
memiliki spin tinggi pada tingkat energi e<sub>g </sub>. Sedangkan ligan amonia
(NH<sub>3</sub>) bersifat sebagai ligan kuat. Amonia dalam kompleks menyebabkan
elektron spin rendah karena elektron dapat ditempatkan pada arah energi orbital
t<sub>2g </sub>sebagai elektron berpasangan. Untuk menghindari adanya gaya
tolak menolak antara dua elektron dalam satu kamar maka diperlukan energi 10 Dq
yang lebih besar. Tidak ada interaksi dengan tingkat energi e<sub>g</sub>
sehingga jarak kedua energi tersebut lebih menjauh. Maka energi yang dimiliki
seutuhnya berada pada tingkat energi t<sub>2g </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai energi 10 Dq. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Dengan demikian, ligan NH<sub>3</sub>
dipahami lebih kuat daripada ligan H<sub>2</sub>O, sebanding dengan energi 10
Dq yang dimilikinya, berbanding terbalik dengan panjang gelombang maksimum yang
terabsorb. Penggantian ligan H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada NiCl<sub>2</sub> dengan ligan NH<sub>3</sub> menyebabkan perubahan
warna dari hijau bening menjadi hijau lebih muda. Sehingga dapat diperkirakan
bahwa senyawa kompleks yang terbentuk adalah [Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Langkah Selanjutnya melakukan penambahan
larutan amonia sampai tidak ada perubahan warna larutan dalam tabung reaksi.
Setelah itu, memanaskan tabung reaksi dalam penangas air yang sudah hampir
mendidih selama 30 menit.Hasil pengamatan untuk pemanasan dari dua menit
pertama sampai tiga puluh menit adalah </i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna hijau bening</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna tetap hijau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bening</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna larutan hijau bening dan mulai terbentuk
endapan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pada bagian atas larutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berwarna hijau tua dan pada bagian bawah
berwarna hijau muda dan terbentuk endapan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama seperti menit kedelapan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama dan endapan turun kelapisan bawah
larutan</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna hijau mulai berkurang dan endapan tetap
ada</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama seperti menit sebelum nya</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 45.0pt 171.0pt 184.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tetap sama</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>Timbulnya endapan, gelembung
gas bahkan warna yang berubah adalah bagian dari reaksi kembalinya ion kompleks
yang terbentuk menjadi reaktan atau pereaksi. Hal ini dikarenakan reaksi
kompleks merupakan reaksi kesetimbangan, dimana reaksi yang terjadi tidak
pernah selesai. Sehingga, ketika senyawa kompleks yang terbentuk dipanaskan
dalam penangas air maka reaktan atau pereaksinya akan terbentuk kembali.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">VIII. Jawaban Pertanyaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tulislah persamaan reaksi yang mungkin
terjadi dalam semua percobaan yang anda lakukan.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jawab
:</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>Persamaan
reaksi yang mungkin terjadi dalam semua percobaan adalah :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada bagian A</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>COCl<sub>3</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O
+ 6NH<sub>3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>[ Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>
] + 6H<sub>2</sub>O</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>Pada
bagian B</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O
+ 6NH<sub>3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>[ Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>
] + 6H<sub>2</sub>O</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>Reaksi
di atas tidak berlangsung sekaligus tetapi bertahap, adapun tahapan yang
terjadi adalah sebagai berikut :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi pada tahap bagian A</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tahap 1</b>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: COCl<sub>3</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O
+ NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>]
+ H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tahap
2 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>: [CO(NH<sub>3</sub>)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>]
+ NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→</sub> [Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>]
+ H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tahap
3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>: [CO(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>]
+ NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→</sub> [CO(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>]
+ H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tahap 4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>:
[CO(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>] + NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>[CO(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>]
+ H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tahap 5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>:
[CO(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>] + NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→ </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)Cl<sub>2</sub>]
+ H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Tahap 6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>: [CO(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)Cl<sub>3</sub>]
+ NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[CO(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>]
+ H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>Jika
keenam tahap tersebut dijumlahkan akan diperoleh persamaan reaksi :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>COCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O
+ 6NH<sub>3</sub><sub><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub>→<sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>[ CO(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>
] + 6H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Reaksi
pada tahap bagian B</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Persamaan
reaksi yang mungkin terjadi dalam semua percobaan adalah :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O
+ 6NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub></b><sub>→ </sub><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[ Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>
] + 6H<sub>2</sub>O</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>Reaksi
di atas tidak berlangsung sekaligus tetapi bertahap, adapun tahapan yang
terjadi adalah sebagai berikut :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tahap 1</b> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O
+ NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </sub>[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>]
+ H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tahap 2 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>:
[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>] + NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→ </sub>[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>]
+ H<sub>2</sub><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tahap 3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>:
[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>] + NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→ </sub>[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>]
+ H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tahap 4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>:
[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>] + NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→ </sub>[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>]
+ H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tahap 5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>:
[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>] + NH<sub>3
→</sub>[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)Cl<sub>2</sub>] + H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tahap 6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>:
[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)Cl<sub>2</sub>] + NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>[Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>]
+ H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>Jika
keenam tahap tersebut dijumlahkan akan diperoleh persamaan reaksi :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O
+ 6NH<sub>3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>[
Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> ] + 6H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dengan menganggap 1 tetes = 0,05 mL
hitunglah massa maksimum dari senyawa yang dapat terbentuk dari penambahan 10
tetes amonia dalam percobaan !</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jawab
:</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Diketahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1
tetes NH<sub>3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>= 0,05
mL</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10 tetes NH<sub>3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>= 10 x 0,05 mL = 0,5 mL</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>M NH<sub>3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>= 0,1 M</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>M NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 0,1 M</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>V NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 2 mL</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Ditanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Massa dari senyawa kompleks yang
terbentuk ?</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Penyelesaian
:</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mol(NH<sub>3</sub>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>M(NH<sub>3</sub>) <sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>x V(NH<sub>3</sub>)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,1 M x 0,5 mL</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,05 mmol</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mol(NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>M(NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O)
x V(NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,1 M x 2 mL</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,2 mmol</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 121.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Reaksi kesetimbangan :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>6NH<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>[ Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>
]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>6H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Mula – mula : <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,2 mmol<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,05
mmol<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<i>Bereaksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,0083 mmol <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,05 mmol<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,0083 mmol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,05 mmol<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setimbang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,1917
mmol<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,0083 mmol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,05 mmol</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Mr[
Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> ]<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>231,71 gram/mol</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Massa
senyawa [ Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> ] yang terbentuk adalah
:</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Mr[
Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> ] <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"></span>NiCl<sub>2</sub>.6H<sub>2</sub>0
+ [ Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> ] +6H<sub>2</sub>O</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>231,71
gram/mol<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,1917 mmol + 0,0083 mmol + 0,05
mmol</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>231,71
gram/mol<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,25 mmol</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>231,71 gram/mol / 0,25 mmol</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Massa
senyawa<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>926,84 mg</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>9,268 gram</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengapa warna larutan dalam tabung berubah
setelah tabung dipanaskan dalam penangas air ?</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jawab
:</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Warna larutan dalam tabung
berubah setelah tabung dipanaskan dalam penangas air karena ketika dipanaskan
dalam larutan terjadi proses kembalinya ion kompleks yang terbentuk menjadi
reaktan atau pereaksi karena reaksi yang terjadi merupakan reaksi
kesetimbangan.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">IX.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A. Kesimpulan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Dari
percobaan pembentukan tahapan senyawa kompleks dapat disimpulkan bahwa :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>1.
Senyawa kompleks adalah senyawa yang terdiri dari suatu ion atau atom pusat
(biasanya ion logam transisi) dan beberapa anion atau molekul netral yang
terikat langsung pada ion atau atom pusat melalui ikatan kovalen koordinasi.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>2.
Hampir semua senyawa – senyawa kompleks mempunyai warna – warna tertentu,
karena zat ini menyerap sinar di daerah tampak atau visible region. Warna yang tampak
ialah warna yang dipantulkan atau perpaduan dari warna – warna yang
dipantulkan. Dengan begitu, kita dapat memperkirakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumus molekul senyawa kompleks berdasarkan
perubahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> warna senyawa yang
terbentuk.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i>3.
Reaksi pada senyawa kompleks merupakan reaksi kesetimbangan, sehingga reaksinya
tidak akan pernah selesai akibatnya jika kita memanaskan senyawa kompleks yang
terbentuk, hal ini akan membentuk reaktan atau pereaksinya kembali.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>4.
Banyak senyawa kompleks yang digunakan didasarkan pada warna, kelarutan atau
perubahan perilaku kimiawi dari ion logam dan ligan ketika senyawa tersebut
membentuk kompleks. Misalnya, tembaga (II) Ftalosianin biru. Kompleks ini
digunakan sebagai pencelup kain dalam industri tekstil.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">B. Saran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Dalam
melakukan percobaan pembentukan tahapan senyawa kompleks praktikan sebaiknya
benar – benar mengamati perubahan – perubahan yang terjadi. Sehingga praktikan
dapat memperkirakan rumus senyawa kompleks yang terbentuk,serta diharapkan agar
semua praktikan tidak mondar-mandir selama praktikum.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">X.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Daftar
Pustaka<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Cotton
dan Wilkinson. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Anorganik Dasar. </span>Edisi
Pertama. Universitas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Indonesia Press: Jakarta 2009. Bab I. Halaman 144.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Day,
M. Clyde dan Jr. Joel Selbin. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia
Anorganik Teori. </span>Edisi Pertama.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Gadjah Mada University Press : Yogyakarta. 1993. Bab
10.Halaman 543.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Harrizul
Rivai. Asas Pemeriksaan Kimia.Universitas Indonesia.Jakarta.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>1995.Bab 8.halaman 182.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Petrucci,
H. Ralph dan Suminar. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Dasar Prinsip
dan Terapan Modern.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Edisi keempat. Erlangga : Jakarta. 1987.
Bab 24. Halaman<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>180.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Pudjaatmaja,
Hadyana Aloysius. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Untuk
Universitas. </span>Edisi Keenam.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Erlangga : Jakarta. Bab 22. 1996. Halaman 204.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Sukardjo.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Koordinasi. </span>Edisi Revisi
(Ketiga). Rineka Cipta : Jakarta.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>1992.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bab VI.
Halaman 134.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>Sunarya,
Yayan. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Dasar Prinsip – Prinsip
Kimia Terkini. </span>Edisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i>Perdana. Angkasa : Bandung. Bab 8. Halaman 353. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<i>vharheeda.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kekuatan ligan air dan amonia</span>. <u>Vharheeda.blogspot.</u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>com/2009/04/keku…</u> . 13 juni 2011.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">X.Lampiran</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">-fotocopy laporan sementara praktikum</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12644451562257370547noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9025592729252179888.post-62131251077212274942013-04-18T06:43:00.001-07:002013-04-18T06:43:34.845-07:00PRAKTIKUM KIMIA<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I.
Judul Percobaan</b> : KEREAKTIFAN LOGAM NATRIUM (Na). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II. Tujuan Percobaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
: Membedakan Kereaktifan Logam Natrium dalam dua Medium yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbeda<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">III. Dasar Teori </span></b></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Natrium atau sodium adalah unsur kimia
dalam tabel periodik yang memiliki simbol Na dan nomor atom 11. Natrium adalah
logam reaktif yang lunak, keperakan, dan seperti lilin, yang termasuk ke logam
alkali yang banyak terdapat dalam senyawa alam (terutama halite). Natrium
sangat reaktif, apinya berwarna kuning, beroksidasi dalam udara, dan bereaksi
kuat dengan air, sehingga harus disimpan dalam minyak. Karena sangat reaktif,
natrium hampir tidak pernah ditemukan dalam bentuk unsur murni melainkan selalu
di temukan dalam bentuk sebagai senyawa. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada senyawa-senyawa nya, Natrium di dapatkan
berupa ion yang bermuatan positif 1. Natrium terutama di dapatkan pada NaCl. Logam
Natrium dapat bereaksi secara langsung dengan berbagai unsur seperti unsur
Halogen membentuk garam halida yang larut dalam air. Reaksi ini menunjukan
bahwa logam Natrium adalah reduktor yang kuat. <span class="fullpost">Seperti
logam alkali lainnya, natrium adalah unsur reaktif yang lunak, ringan, dan
putih keperakan, yang tak pernah berwujud sebagai unsur murni di alam. Natrium
mengapung di air, menguraikannya menjadi gas hidrogen dan ion hidroksida. Jika
digerus menjadi bubuk, natrium akan meledak dalam air secara spontan. Namun,
biasanya ia tidak meledak di udara yang bersuhu di bawah 388 K. Natrium juga
bila dalam keadaan berikatan dengan ion OH- maka akan membentuk basa kuat yaitu
NaOH.</span> <span class="fullpost">Kereaktifan logam Natrium :</span> <span class="fullpost">Natrium mengapung pada permukaan, tapi panas yang dilepaskan
oleh reaksi cukup untuk meleburkan natrium (natrium memiliki titik lebur yang
lebih rendah dibanding lithium dan reaksi yang terjadi menghasilkan panas lebih
cepat) dan natrium melebur hampir sekaligus membentuk sebuah bulatan perak
kecil yang tersebar di atas permukaan. Ada bekas putih dari natrium hidroksida
yang terlihat dalam air di bawah bulatan-bulatan natrium, tapi bekas-bekas itu
segera terlarut menghasilkan larutan natrium hidroksida yang tidak berwarna.</span>
<span class="fullpost">Natrium bergerak-gerak pada permukaan karena ditekan dari
segala arah oleh hidrogen yang terlepas selama reaksi. Jika natrium terjebak
pada pinggir wadah, maka hidrogen bisa terbakar dan menghasilkan nyala orange.
Warna ini ditimbulkan oleh kontaminasi nyala biru hidrogen oleh senyawa-senyawa
natrium.</span> Diantara unsur- unsur dalam satu periode, jari-jari atom logam
alkali merupakan yang terbesar dimana pada kulit terluar nya hanya terdapat
satu elektron yang letaknya jauh dari inti, oleh karena itu elektron ini mudah
di lepaskan dan kecenderungan logam-logam alkali juga termasuk unsur-unsur yang
paling elektropositif dimana dalam golongan ini semakin kebawah kereaktifan nya
semakin besar hal ini disebabkan karena semakin kebawah jari-jari atom semakin
besar dan elektron valensi nya juga menjadi semakin mudah untuk di lepaskan.
Logam-logam alkali dapat di ekstraksi dengan 3 (tiga ) cara yaitu :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Elektrolisa
larutan klorida menggunakan katoda merkuri </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Elektrolisa
campuran alkali halida dalam lelehan CaCl<sub>2</sub> atau NaCl atau KOH</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reduksi
anhidrat Klorida dengan logam kalsium. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IV. Alat dan Bahan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A.
Alat </span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 40.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.3pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">No </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.6pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Alat dan ukuran </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.65pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.3pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.6pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gelas kimia 250 ml </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.65pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 buah </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.3pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.6pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pisau atau cutter </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.65pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 buah </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 12.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.3pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.6pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Gelas ukur 50 ml </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.65pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 buah </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.3pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.6pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tissue </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.65pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Secukupnya </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 3.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.3pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.6pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pipet </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.65pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1 buah </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B.
Bahan </span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 40.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">No. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.95pt;" valign="top" width="233">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 173.3pt;" valign="top" width="231">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.95pt;" valign="top" width="233">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Logam Natrium </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 173.3pt;" valign="top" width="231">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Secukupnya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.95pt;" valign="top" width="233">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Thinner </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 173.3pt;" valign="top" width="231">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">25 ml</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. </span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aquades </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">50 ml</span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 17.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.15pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. </span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Indikator pp </span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3 tetes </span></div>
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</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">V. Prosedur Percobaan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.
Memasukkan 50 ml aquadest di dalam gelas kimia </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.
menambahkan 3 tetes indikator pp dan gelas kimia di goyang-goyangkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>agar indikator pp <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyebar keseluruh lapisan air </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.
Menambahkan 25 ml thinner cat atau sampai pemisahan dua fasa terlihat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jelas </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.
Memotong logam Natrium dengan pisau atau cutter lalu di bersihkan dengan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tissue
untuk menghilangkan sebanyak mungkin paraffin, lalu segera di</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masukkan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kedalam gelas kimia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5.
Mengamati perubahan atau reaksi yang terjadi seperti perubahan warna,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adanya gas atau perubahan suhu ( dapat di
perkirakan dengan menyentuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagian luar gelas kimia) lalu di catat dalam
hasil pengamatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">6.
Membiarkan reaksi sampai selesai ( sampai semua logam Natrium habis). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">VI. Data Hasil Pengamatan </span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" valign="top" width="46">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">No. </span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlakuan </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 212.6pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hasil pengamatan </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 272.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 272.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.2pt;" valign="top" width="46">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 272.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 199.7pt;" valign="top" width="266">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Memasukan 50 ml aquadest di dalam
gelas kimia 250 ml </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menambahkan 3 tetes indikator pp<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan di tambahkan 25 ml thinner cat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menambahkan logam Natrium yang sudah
di potong dan di bersihkan dengan tissue </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 272.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 212.6pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<sub>2</sub>O + Ind.pp + Na
menghasilkan larutan dengan warna merah muda </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">adanya bau yang menyengat dari
campuran larutan tersebut </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">terdapat pemisahan antara thinner
dan air. dimana thinner terlihat berwarna bening di tengah-tengah larutan
yang berwarna merah muda </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Na habis bereaksi dengan waktu 10
menit 25 detik </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">VII. Pembahasan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan Jawaban pertanyaan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A.Pembahasan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan
hasil pengamatan yang telah dilakukan, mula-mula memasukkan 50 ml aquades
kedalam gelas kimia kemudian menambahkan 3 tetes indikator pp dan menggoyang
gelas agar pp menyebar keseluruh lapisan air lalu menambahkan thiner , setelah
itu memotong logam natrium dengan pisau atau cutter lalu membersihkannya dengan
tissue untuk menghilangkan sebanyak mungkin paraffin kemudian segera
memasukkannya kedalam gelas kimia, kemudian mengamati perubahan yang terjadi
yaitu pada saat logam Na ditambahkan pada campuran larutan yang di dalamnya terdapat
air, thinner dan indikator pp terjadi perubahan warna larutan yaitu menjadi
berwarna merah muda gelap, saat Na masuk kedalam larutan awalnya muncul gelembung
–gelembung kecil yang menandakan Natrium tersebut mulai bereaksi dengan
campuran kemudian dari larutan itu juga menghasilkan bau yang menyengat,
semakin habis logam natrium dalam larutan, semakin memudar warna larutan. Hal
ini dikarenakan logam Na yang bila direaksikan dengan air akan menghasilkan
larutan basa. Selain itu, sesuai dengan sifatnya bahwa Natrium (Na) sangat
reaktif terhadap oksigen (O<sub>2</sub>) dan air (H<sub>2</sub>O). Kereaktifan
logam Na disebabkan karena elektron kulit terluar inti terikat secara lemah, sehingga
mudah terlepas. Selain itu logam Na merupakan reduktor dan dapat mereduksi air
dengan membentuk basa dan melepas hidrogen. Setelah dimasukkan logam natrium
larutan yang pada mulanya tidak berwarna berubah menjadi berwarna merah muda
karena adanya indikator pp. Indikator pp ini menandakan bahwa larutan tersebut
adalah larutan basa (NaOH). </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="fullpost">Jadi, dari percobaan
dapat dibuktikan bahwa , sesuai dengan sifatnya Natrium (Na) sangat reaktif
terhadap oksigen (O<sub>2</sub>) dan air (H<sub>2</sub>O). Kereaktifan logam Na
disebabkan karena elektron kulit terluar inti terikat secara lemah, sehingga
mudah terlepas. Selain itu logam Na merupakan reduktor dan dapat mereduksi air
dengan membentuk basa dan melepas hidrogen. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B.
Jawaban Pertanyaan </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.
Persamaan reaksi kimia yang terjadi dalam percobaan ini yaitu </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2Na
+2H<sub>2</sub>O → 2NaOH +H<sub>2</sub></span></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.
Berat maksimal natrium hidroksida yang terbentuk bila potongan logam Na</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
di gunakan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">( 0,23 gram dan PH larutan dengan asumsi
tidak ada air yang hilang dan Vthiner tidak dihitung) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diketahui : m (Natrium) = 0,23 gram</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">V (air) = 50 ml = 50 cm<sup>2</sup> =
0,05 L</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Massa jenis air = 1,03 gram/cm<sup>3</sup></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mr(NaOH) : 40 gram/mol</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditanya :</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span class="fullpost">Berat maksimal Natrium Hidroksida ?</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PH yang terbentuk ?</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyelesaian :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="fullpost">n (natrium) = {massa
(natrium) / (Ar (natrium)}</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="fullpost">= (0,23 gram) / (23
gram/mol) </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="fullpost">=
0,01 mol</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">massa jenis H<sub>2</sub>O = (massa H<sub>2</sub>O)
/ (volume H<sub>2</sub>O)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">massa H<sub>2</sub>O = massa jenis H<sub>2</sub>O
x volume H<sub>2</sub>O</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 241px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 251661312;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:\Users\Windows8\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="16" /></span><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 176px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 23px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:\Users\Windows8\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="23" /></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">=
1,03 gram/cm<sup>3</sup> x 50 cm<sup>3</sup></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span class="fullpost">= 51,5 gram</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">n (H<sub>2</sub>O) = (massa H<sub>2</sub>O)/(Mr
H<sub>2</sub>O)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span class="fullpost"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 70px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 21px; z-index: 251663360;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:\Users\Windows8\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="21" /></span><span style="height: 13px; left: 0px; margin-left: 140px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251662336;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\Windows8\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.gif" width="26" /></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">=
(51,5 gram)/(18 gram/mol)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span class="fullpost">=
2,861 mol</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 323px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 32px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\Windows8\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif" width="32" /></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi
Kesetimbangan :</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span class="fullpost">2 Na (s) + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O
(l)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2NaOH (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>
(g)</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mula-mula : 0,01 mol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,861
mol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 85.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 0,01 mol <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,01
mol <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,01 mol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,005 mol</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 106.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sisa :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,851 mol <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,01 mol <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,005 mol</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">n (NaOH) = (massa NaOH))/(Mr (NaOH))</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 49px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 23px; z-index: 251665408;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:\Users\Windows8\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.gif" width="23" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 264px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 15px; z-index: 251664384;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:\Users\Windows8\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,01
mol = (massa NaOH))/(40 gram /mol)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Massa NaOH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,4 gram </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 75px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 44px; z-index: 251659264;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\Windows8\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.gif" width="44" /></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">NaOH
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na<sup>+</sup> + OH <sup>–</sup></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">valensi basa = 1 </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Molaritas( NaOH) = mol/volume</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span class="fullpost"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= (0,01 mol)/(0,05 L) </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= 0,2 mol/L</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Maka ;</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span class="fullpost">[OH<sup>-</sup>] = b x Mb</span> <span class="fullpost"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= 1 x 0,2</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= 0,2</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 115.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="fullpost">pOH = - log [OH<sup>-</sup>]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="fullpost">= - log 0,2</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="fullpost">= 0,698970004</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= 0,698</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>14 –
pOH</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="fullpost">= 14 – 0,698</span> <span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 56.7pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= 13,302</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.
Volume gas yang terbentuk jika di ukur pada suhu 27<sup>0</sup>C dan 1 atm </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diketahui
:</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span class="fullpost">T = 27 + 273</span> <span class="fullpost">: 300 K</span> , <span class="fullpost">P : 1 atm ,</span> <span class="fullpost">n (Hidrogen) : 0,005 mol</span>
, <span class="fullpost">R : 0,082 L atm/molK</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="fullpost">Ditanya : volume gas yang
terbentuk ?</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyelesaian
:</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PV
=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nRT</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">V
= nRT/P</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span class="fullpost"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">=
(0,005 mol x 0,082 L atm/mol K x 300 K) / (1 atm)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">=
0,123 L atau 123 ml</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">VIII. Kesimpulan dan Saran </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A.
Kesimpulan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
percobaan yang telah dilakukan dapat di simpulkan bahwa <span class="fullpost">Berdasarkan
hasil pengamatan yang telah dilakukan, untuk perlakuan pertama untuk mengetahui
sifat-sifat logam alkali yaitu pada saat logam Na ditambahkan pada larutan
campuran yang di dalamnya terdapat (air, thinner dan indicator pp) terjadi
perubahan suhu(panas), warna larutan (ungu), munculnya gelembung, adanya gas
atau asap yang berwarna putih, menghasilkan bau, semakin lama suhu semakin
tinggi(panas), warna larutan memudar, semakin habis logam natrium dalam
larutan, semakin memudar warna larutan serta suhu menurun. Hal ini dikarenakan
logam Na yang bila direaksikan dengan air akan menghasilkan larutan basa.
Selain itu, sesuai dengan sifatnya bahwa Natrium (Na) sangat reaktif terhadap
oksigen (O<sub>2</sub>) dan air (H<sub>2</sub>O). Kereaktifan logam Na
disebabkan karena elektron kulit terluar inti terikat secara lemah, sehingga
mudah terlepas. Selain itu logam Na merupakan reduktor dan dapat mereduksi air
dengan membentuk basa dan melepas hidrogen. Setelah dimasukkan logam natrium
larutan yang pada mulanya tidak berwarna berubah menjadi berwarna merah muda
karena adanya indikator pp. Indikator pp ini menandakan bahwa larutan tersebut
adalah larutan basa (NaOH). Dan persamaan reaksi yang terdapat dalam percobaan
ini yaitu :</span></span><span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fullpost"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2Na +2H<sub>2</sub>O → 2NaOH +H<sub>2</sub></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B.
Saran </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
melakukan praktikum ini, di harapkan para praktikan untuk sangat berhati-hati
dan teliti karena pada percobaan ini sangat berbahaya jika tidak dilakukan
sesuai dengan petunjuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA </span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12644451562257370547noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9025592729252179888.post-41935608024587000042013-04-18T02:18:00.001-07:002013-04-18T02:18:47.424-07:00CARA MEMBUAT BLOG<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12644451562257370547noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9025592729252179888.post-1916584627036177372013-04-18T00:44:00.001-07:002013-04-18T00:44:19.310-07:00PRAKTIKUM ANORGANIK "ALUMINIUM DAN SENYAWANYA"<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 85.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Judul Percobaan </div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alumunium dan Senyawanya</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tujuan Percobaan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mempelajari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sifat – sifat logam alumunium dan
persenyawaannya<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dasar Teori </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Sekarang banyak perabotan
rumah tangga yang menggunakan bahan aluminium terutama peralatan dapur. Selain
itu, aluminium juga digunakan di perusahaan besar seperti pembuatan badan
pesawat. Hal ini disebabkan karena logam aluinium ringan dan bersifat anti
karat. Aluminium dalam sistem periodik merupakan unsur periode ketiga dan
berada pada golongan 13. Atom aluminium memiliki konfigurasi elektron terluar
3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>1</sup> dengan energi ionisasi pertama 577 Kj/mol, energi
ionisasi kedua 1820 Kj/mol dan energi ionisasi ketiga 2740 Kj/mol. Dari
konfigurasi elektronnya, terlihat bahwa atom ini dapat bergabung dengan cara
melepaskan elektron valensinya, namun aluminium lebih cenderung memiliki ikatan
kovalen karena memiliki keelektronegatifan yang cukup besar.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium murni adalah logam
berwarna putih keperakan dengan banyak karakteristik yang diinginkan. Aluminium
ringan, tidak beracun (sebagai logam), nonmagnetik dan tidak memercik.
Aluminium sangat lunak dan kurang keras. Aluminium adalah logam aktif seperti
yang ditunjukkan pada harga potensial reduksinya dan tidak ditemukan dalam
bentuk unsur di alam. Aluminium adalah unsur ketiga terbanyak dalam kulit bumi,
tetapi tidak ditemukan dalam bentuk unsur bebas. Walaupun senyawa aluminium
ditemukan paling banyak di alam, selama bertahun-tahun tidak ditemukan cara
yang ekonomis untuk memperoleh logam aluminium dari senyawanya .</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Nama aluminium diturunkan
dari kata alum yang meninjuk pada senyawa garam rangkap Kal(SO4)2.12H2O; kata
ini berasal dari bahasa latin alumen yang artinya garam pahit. Oleh Humphry
Davy, logam rangkap ini diusulkan dengan nama alumium kemudian berubah menjadi
aluminum. Namun, nama ini pun segera termodifikasi menjadi aluminium yang
menjadi populer di seluruh dunia kecuali Amerika Utara dimana American Chemical
Society (Himpunan Masyarakat Kimia Amerika) pada tahun 1925 memutuskan tetap
menggunakan aluminum di dalam publikasinya .</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium merupakan unsur
logam abu-abu mangkilat, lembek, dan kurang kuat tetapi ringan. Terdapat di
alam pada kerak bumi terutama sebagai bauksit yang menjadi sumber utamanya.
Logam ini reaktif dan segera bereaksi dengan oksigen di udara membentuk lapisan
oksidanya yang membungkus badan logam sehingga menghalangi oksidasi selanjutnya
dan logam menjadi tahan karat. Campurannya dengan logam-logam seperti Ni, Cu,
Zn, Si, dsb, menghasilkan alloy yang ringan dengan kegunaan yang luas, misalnya
untuk pesawat terbang, kapal, blok mesin, alat-alat rumah tangga, kerangka
bangunan, dll. Okasidanya sebagai alumina (Al2O3) yang ditemukan di alam antara
lain berupa merah delima, safir, korundum dan emeri yang digunakan untuk
pembuatan delas dan bahan tahan panas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium adalah ogam putih
yang liat dan dapat ditempa, bubuknya berwarna abu-abu. Ia melebur pada 659˚C.
Bila terkena udara, obejk-objek aluminium teroksidasi pada permukaannya, tetapi
lapisan oksida ini melindungi objek dari oksida lebih lanjut. Asam klorida
encer dengan mudah melarutkan logam ini, pelarutan lebih lambat dalam asam
sulfat encer atau asam nitrat encer </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Logam aluminium dapat
bereaksi dengan asam klorida dan asam sulfat, baik yang encer maupun yang pekat
menghasilkan garamnnya. Dengan asam nitrat, logam aluminium tidak bereaksi
karena permukaan menjadipasif, etapi dalam keadaan tidak murni qakan bereaksi
dengan asam nitrat dalam sembarang kepekatan. Larutan alkali kaustik panas
bereaksi dengan aluminium membentuk aluminat dan gas hidrogen. Aluminium dengan
kanfigurasi elektronik [10Ne] 3s2 3p1 dikenal mempunyai tingkat oksidasi +3
dalam senyawanya. Logam aluminium tahan terhadap korosi udara karena reaksi
antara logam aluminium dengan oksigen membentuk lapisan nonpori dan membungkus
permukaan logam hingga tidak terjadi reaksi lanjut. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Endapan putih seperti
gelatin, yaitu aluminium hidroksida Al(OH)2 yang larut sedikit dalam reagensia
berlebihan. Kelarutan berkurang dengan adanya garam-garam ammonium disebabkan
oleh efek ion sekutu. Sebagian kecil endapan masuk ke dalam larutan sebagai
aluminium hisroksida koloid (sol aluminium hidroksida); sol ini berkoagulasi
pada pendidihan atau pada penambahan garam-garam yang larut (misalnya aluminium
klorida), dengan menghasilkan endapan aluminium hidroksida yang dikenal sebaai
gel aluminium hidroksida. Untuk menjamin pengendapan yang sempurna, dengan
larutan amonia. Larutan amonium itu ditambahkan dengan sedikit berlebihan dan
caampuran didihkan sampai larutan sedikit berbau amonia. Bila baru diendapkan,
ia mudah melarut dalam asam kuat, tetapi setelah dididihkan ia menjadi sangat
sedikit larut : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Al<sup>3+</sup> + NH<sub>3</sub>
+ H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 3 NH<sup>4+ </sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Sifat-sifat Aluminium:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium merupakan logam putih keperakan dan sangat ringan, memiliki daya
hantar panas maupun daya hantar listrik tinggi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Beberapa reaksi kimia aluminium.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
1.<span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>Mudah terbakar dalam nyala
api dan menghasilkan panas reaksi yang tinggi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2Al + 3/2O<sub>2
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 399
kkal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Sifat ini digunakan sebagai dasar untuk mereduksi beberapa sulfida
dan oksida. Contoh : 2Al + Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2Fe + Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 199 kkal </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Proses ini disebut aluminothermi atau proses
thermit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.<span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>Bereaksi dengan asam menghasilkan gas hydrogen.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2Al<sub>(s)</sub> + 6H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>
2Al<sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + 3H<sub>2(g)</sub></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bereaksi dengan basa kuat terutama basa alkali menghasilkan gas H<sub>2</sub>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Reaksinya :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2Al<sub>(s)</sub> + 2 OH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(l)
</sub>2Al(OH)<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> + 3H<sub>2(g)</sub></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
4.<span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>Dengan udara logam ini membentuk lapisan oksida
yang kuat pada permukaannya yang dapat melindungi logam dari oksida lebih
lanjut. Karenanya logam ini dikatakan bersifat tahan karat (korosi) dan
digunakan untuk melapisi logam lain agar tahan karat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Beberapa senyawa aluminium</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium oksida (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Aluminium oksida dengan asam klorida menghasilkan reaksi yang
baik,akantetapi dengan asam nitrat tidak bereaksi karena kuatnya ikatan
Al-O.Kalor pembentukan aluminium oksida Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> juga
besar,399 kkal.Karena itu aluminium dapat dipakai untuk mereduksi oksida-oksida
logam lain.Besi(III)oksida<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat direduksi
oleh aluminium dengan membebaskan banyak kalor :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2Al<sub>(p)</sub> + 3/2 O<sub>2(g) </sub>→ Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>+
399 kkal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(p)</sub> → 2 Fe<sub>(p)</sub>
+ 3/2 O<sub>2(g)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>- 197 kkal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
2Al <sub>(p)</sub>+ Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→ 2 Fe <sub>(p)</sub> + Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(g)</sub>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 202 kkal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kalor yang dibebaskan cukup banyak untuk melebur hasil – hasil
reaksinya,besi dan aluminium oksida.Reaksi ini bias menghasilkan suhu sampai
3000oC.Reaksi termit ini dipakai untuk mengelas besi dan bom bakar.Oleh karena
stabilitasnya aluminium oksida,logam ini dapat dipakai untuk mereduksi oksida –
oksida logam lainnya,misalnya magnesium oksida dan manganoksida.Reduksi dengan
karbon atau hidrogen menghasilkan logam – logam yang tercampur dengan karbida
dan hidrida.karenanya,kadang – kadang aluminium digunakan untuk mereduksi. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium Klorida (AlCl<sub>3</sub>)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Dalam rumus AlCl<sub>3</sub>
orbital 3s dan 3p dari atom Al terhibridisasi. Tiga dari orbital hibrid ini
diisi pasangan elektron (masing-masing satu elektron dari tiga atom klor dan
tiga dari atom Al), orbital keempat kosong, karena itu senyawa ini dapat
bersifat sebagai asam Lewis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pada dimer Al<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>
atom Al dalam unit AlCl<sub>3</sub> memperoleh oktet dengan memakai bersama
satu pasang elektron yang disumbangkan oleh atom Cl dari unit AlCl<sub>3</sub>
lainnya. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
AlCl<sub>6</sub> dapat berdisosiasi menjadi
AlCl<sub>3</sub>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
AlCl<sub>6
</sub>2 AlCl<sub>3</sub></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium klorida dalam air akan
terhidrolisis menurut reaksi:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Al<sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ 3 H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(l)</sub>
Al(OH)<sub>3(s)</sub> + 3H<sup>+</sup> <sub>(aq)</sub></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium Sulfat (Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium sulfat
digunakan dalam industri kertas dan karton. Kegunaan lain adalah sebagai
pengolahan cair dan penjernihan air minum. Larutan berair yang mengandung
jumlah molar yang sama dari Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> dan K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
mengkristal sebagai kalium aluminium sulfat dengan rumus KAl(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>.12
H<sub>2</sub>O. Garam ini dikenal dengan alum atau tawas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium Hidrida (AlH<sub>3</sub>)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium hidrida
atau AlH<sub>3</sub> bersifat sebagai asam Lewis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
AlH<sub>3</sub> + H<sup>+</sup>
AlH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Salah satu senyawa
yang penting dan banyak digunakan sebagai reduksi agen adalah LiAlH<sub>4</sub>.
Senyawa ini dalam air akan terhidrolisis menurut reaksi:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
AlH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> + 4H<sub>2</sub>O
Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 4H<sub>2</sub> + OH<sup>-</sup></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Larutan garam – garam
aluminium seperti AlCl<sub>3</sub> atau Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>bersifat
asam karena hidrolisa :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al<sup>3+</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>AlOH<sup>2+</sup>
+ H<sup>+</sup><sup><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></sup></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pada penambahan alkali,akan terbentuk endapan
putih :<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al<sup>3+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup>+ 3OH<sup>-</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al(OH)<sub>3</sub></div>
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Atau</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub><sup>3+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup>+ 3OH<sup>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>
+ 3H<sub>2</sub>O</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Penambahan garam sulfida atau karbonat juga memberikan
endapan Al(OH)<sub>3 </sub>oleh karena larutan garam – garam tersebut bersifat basa.Endapan
Al(OH)<sub>3 </sub>akan larut dengan pengambahan basa berlebih atau penambahan
asam karena bersifat amfoter.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Penambahan basa :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al(OH)<sub>3(p)</sub> + OH<sup>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al(OH)<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
Atau</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3(p)</sub>
+ OH<sup>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al(OH)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sup>-
</sup>+ H<sub>2</sub>O<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
Penambahan
asam :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al(OH)<sub>3(p)</sub>
+ 3H<sup>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al<sup>3+</sup> + 3H<sub>2</sub>O</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3(p)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 3H<sup>+</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub><sup>3+</sup></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Aluminium hidroksida banyak dipakai sebagai
mordan,yaitu pengikat zat warna pada kain.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Alat dan Bahan</div>
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a. Alat </div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 55.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28">
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<b>No</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.75pt;" valign="top" width="206">
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<b>Alat</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
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<b>Ukuran</b></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>Jumlah</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>1.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.75pt;" valign="top" width="206">
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<b>Tabung
reaksi</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
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<b>-</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>5</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>2.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.75pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Lampu
spritus</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>-</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>1</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>3. </b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.75pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Batang
pengaduk</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>-</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>2</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>4.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.75pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Botol
semprot</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>-</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>2</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>5</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.75pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Corong</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>-</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>1</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>6.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.75pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Pipet
tetes</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>-</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>4</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>7.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.75pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Gelas
kimia</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>25 ml</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>4</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>8.</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.75pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Rak
tabung reaksi</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>-</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>1</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>9</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.75pt;" valign="top" width="206">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Neraca
digital</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>-</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>1</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b.
Bahan</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 55.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>No</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>Bahan</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>Jumlah</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>1.</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Logam/ pita aluminium</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>3ml</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>2</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Logam / pita magnesium</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>3ml</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>3</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Serbuk Al</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>secukupnya</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>4</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Indikator universal</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>5 buah</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>5</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>AlCl<sub>3</sub> anhidrat</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>secukupnya</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>6</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>0,1 gram</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>7</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>HCL encer</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>3 ml</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>8</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>NaOH 0,1 M</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>30 tetes</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>9</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Amonia</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>15 tetes</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>10</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Kertas saring</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>1</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>11</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Indikator PP</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>Secukupnya</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>12</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.8pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Aquades</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<b>Secukupnya</b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Prosedur Percobaan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A. Sifat Aluminium Hidroksida</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dalam sebuah tabung reaksi yang berisi 2 ml larutan
garam aluminium,tambah dengan beberapa tetes ammonia.Diamati apa yang
terjadi.Teruskan penambahan ammonia hingga berlebih.Apakah ada perubahan?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dalam sebuah tabung reaksi yang berisi 2 ml larutan
garam alumunium,Ditambah dengan beberapa tetes larutan NaOh.Endapan yang
terjadi dibagi dua bagian.Bagian pertama,Diteruskan penambahan NaOH hingga
berlebih,sedangkan bagian yang lain tambah dengan asam klorida.Diamati apa yang
terjadi !</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Disediakan
endapan alumunium hidroksida dengan cara mereaksikan Larutan garam alumunium
dengan larutan NaOH encer.DiSaring endapan yang terbentuk,kemudian endapan yang
ada dikertas saring dicuci dengan air dingin(dituang dengan air dingin ).Kepada
endapan diatas kertas saring itu,tuangi dengan larutan yang berwarna misalnya
metilviolet.Diamati apa yang terjadi !</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>B. Melihat Proses Pemanasan dan Memeriksa pH Alumunium Klorida</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 66.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pemanasan klorida anhidrat:Panaskan alumunium klorida
anhidrat dalam tabung reaksi.Amati apa yang terjadi ?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 66.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dimasukkan satu sendok alumunium klorida anhidrat
kedalam tabung reaksi,kemudian tambahkan air setetes demi setetes.Diamati dan
ukur pH-nya dengan indikator Universal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>C. Melihat Sifat Asam Basa Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 69.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dimasukkan 0,1 gram Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>kedalam
tabung reaksi,kemudian tambahkan dengan 3 ml air.periksa pH-nya dan amati apa
yang terjadi!</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 69.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dimasukkan 0,1 gram Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>ke
dalam tabung reaksi,kemudian tambahnakn 3 ml HCl encer.Amati apa yang terjadi
dan periksa pH-nya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>D.
Membandingkan Sifat Basa Ion Al<sup>3+</sup> dan ion mg<sup>2+ </sup></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 66.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dimasukkan ke dalam tabung reaksi 3ml garam Al 0,1M
dank e dalam tabung reaksi yang kemasukkan 3 ml garam Mg 0,1 M.Diperiksa pH
masing – masing larutan dengan indikator universal.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 66.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ditambahkan larutan encer NaOH pada tabung reaksi yang
berisi garam Al sampai tidak terbentuk endapan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 66.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ditambahkan larutan encer NaOH pada tabung reaksi yang
berisi garam Mg sampai tidak terbentuk endapan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
VI. Hasil Pengamatan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">No</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.15pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perlakuan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hasil Pengamatan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 228.65pt;" valign="top" width="305">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A.Sifat
Alumunium Hidroksida</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.15pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2ml Al<sup>3+</sup> + NH<sub>4</sub>OH (5
tetes)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kemudian penambahan NH<sub>4</sub>OH
berlebih Sebanyak 10 tetes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NH<sub>4</sub>OH.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Terbentuk endapan putih dan berbau</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Endapan berkurang larutan sedikit agak bening.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.15pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2ml Al<sup>3+</sup> + 5 tetes NaOH.Endapan
yang terjadi dibagi dua bagian.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bagian pertama, endapan atas + 10 tetes
NaOH.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bagian Kedua,endapan bawah + 10 tetes HCl</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Terbentuk endapan putih (pada bagian
atas)Endapan terbagi dua:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bagian pertama,terbentuk endapan putih yang
mulai berkurang sedikit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bagian kedua,larutan menjadi bening</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.15pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 114.1pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Endapan
Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> dengan cara mereaksikan larutan garam Al<sup>3+</sup> +
NaOH encer.Disaring endapan yang terbentuk,kemudian endapan yang ada dikertas
saring dicuci dengan air dingin(dituang dengan air dingin ).Kepada endapan
diatas kertas disaring,dituang dengan larutan metilviolet,</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">terbentuk endapan
(filtrat) Kristal bulat yang bening<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>seperti gel diatas kertas saring.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 228.65pt;" valign="top" width="305">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">B.Melihat
Proses Pemanasan dan memeriksa pH alumunium Klorida</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.15pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dipanaskan
klorida anhidrat:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dipanaskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>alumunium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>klorida anhidrat
dalam tabung reaksi.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Saat dipanaskan terdapat</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">asap,bau,uap air dan bentuknya mengencil
dari bentuk awal.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.15pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Alumunium
klorida anhidrat + H<sub>2</sub>O ,kemudian mengukur pHnya dengan indikator
universal.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada
luar tabung reaksi terasa panas,larutan berwarna putih bening dann pHnya
adalah 3</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 228.65pt;" valign="top" width="305">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">C.
Melihat Sifat Asam Basa Al2O3</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.15pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0,1 gram Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 ml
H<sub>2</sub>O.diperikasa pHnya dan diamati apa yang terjadi!</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-
Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>+ H<sub>2</sub>O tidak larut</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-
pHnya adalah 6</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.15pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0,1 gram Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>+ 3ml
HCl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>encer.Diperiksa pHnya dan diamati
apa yang terjadi!</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3
</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ HCl tidak larut</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-pHnya
adalah 1</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.15pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0,1 gram Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 ml
NaOH.Diperiksan pHnya dan diamati apa yang terjadi!</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-
Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + NaOH tidak larut</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-
pHnya adalah 13</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 228.65pt;" valign="top" width="305">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">D.
Membandingkan Sifat Basa ion Al<sup>3+</sup> dan ion mg<sup>2+</sup></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.15pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3ml
Al 0,1 M dan 3 ml Mg 0,1 M.Diperiksa pHnya masing – masing larutan dengan
indikator universal!</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.15pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3
ml Al 0,1 M + 10 tetes NaOH encer.pada tabung reaksi yang berisi garam Al
sampai tidak terbentuk endapan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-
Pada tetesan pertama sudah terbentuk endapan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pHnya adalah 4</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.15pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3ml
Mg 0,1 + 10 tetes NaOH.pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tabung
reaksi yang berisi garam Mg sampai tidak terbentuk endapan/</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-
pada tetesan kelima terbentuk endapan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-
pHnya adalah 5</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 157.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">VII. </span>Pembahasan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A.Sifat Aluminium Hidroksida</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pada percobaan ini, Dalam
sebuah tabung reaksi yang berisi 2ml larutan garam alumunium yang ditambahkan beberapa
tetes NH<sub>4</sub>OH maka penambahan beberapa tetes NH<sub>4</sub>OH pada
larutan Al<sup>3+</sup> akan membentuk endapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> yang berwarna putih keruh seperti gelatin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan berbau. Saat ditambahkan NH<sub>4</sub>OH
berlebih, endapan yang terbentuk menjadi sedikit berkurang dan larutan menjadi
lebih bening dari sebelumnya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Endapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al(OH)<sub>3 </sub>akan larut dengan
penambahan asam atau basa berlebih karena bersifat amfoter . Hal ini sudah
sesuai dengan teori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan persamaan reaksi
:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Al<sup>3+</sup> + 3 NH<sub>4</sub>OH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→ Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> ↓ + 3NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada percobaan selanjutnya,
penambahan beberapa tetes larutan NaOH pada larutan Al<sup>3+</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan menghasilkan endapan Al(OH)<sub>3 </sub>yang
berwarna putih keruh. Kemudian endapan yang terbentuk dibagi menjadi dua bagian
dimana endapan atas ditambahkan NaOH 10 tetes terbentuk endapan putih yang
mulai berkurang sedikit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan endapan
bawah ditambah HCl encer 10 tetes larutan menjadi bening. Hal ini sudah sesuai
dengan teori yang menyatakan bahwa jika garam aluminium ditambahkan dengan basa
(alkali hidroksida) akan membentuk endapan Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> yang jika
ditambahkan dengan basa ataupun asam yang berlebih menyebabkan hidroksida yang
terbentuk melarut kembali dengan persamaan reaksi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;">
Al3+ + 3NaOH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→ Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 3NaCl<br />
Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + NaOH →<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na[Al(OH)<sub>4</sub>]<br />
Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 3HCl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→ AlCl<sub>3</sub>
+ 3H<sub>3</sub>O<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Langkah berikutnya
disediakan endapan alumunium hidroksida dengan cara mereaksikan larutan garam
alumunium dengan larutan NaOH encer.Disaring endapan yang terbentuk,kemudian
endapan yang ada dikertas saring dicuci dengan air dingin(dituang dengan air
dingin).Kepada endapan diatas kertas saring itu,dituangi dengan larutan yang
berwarna yaitu PP.Hasil percobaan nya ialah terbentuk endapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti gel yang disebut dengan gel alumunium
hidroksida.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 81.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut teori alumunium hidroksida Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>,yang
larut sedikit dalam reagensia berlebih.Kelarutan berkurang dengan adanya
garam-garam ammonia,disebabkan oleh efek ion sekutu.sebagian kecil endapan
masuk ke dalam larutan sebagai alumunium koloid(sol alumunium hidroksida):sol
ini berkoagulasi pada penambahan garam – garam yang larut dengan menghasilkan
endapan alumunium hidroksida yang dikenal dengan gel alumunium hidroksida.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B.
Melihat Proses Pemanasan dan memeriksa pH Alumunium Klorida<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pada percobaan pemanasan
klorida anhidrat,Dipanaskan alumunium klorida Anhidrat dalam tabung reaksi
terdapat asap,bau,Uap air dan bentuknya mengecil dari bentuk awal.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Selanjutnya
dimasukkan satu sendok alumunium klorida anhidrat ke dalam tabung
reaksi,kemudian ditambahkan air setetes demi setetes.Maka saat diamati pada
luar tabung terasa panas dan larutan berwarna putih bening dan saat diuji pHnya
menggunakan indikator universal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>didapatkan pHnya adalah 3.hal ini menunjukkan bahwa alumunium klorida
bersifat asam. Hal ini sudah sesuai dengan teori yang menyatakan jika Alumunium
klorida anhidrat padat diteteskan dengan air berlebih akan menghasilkan larutan
asam dengan pH 2-3 atau lebih rendah jika larutan yang diperoleh lebih pekat. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
C.Melihat Sifat Asam Basa Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pada percobaan ini
dimasukkan 0,1 gram Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ke dalam tabung reaksi kemudian
ditambahkan dengan 3 ml air.maka Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> tidak larut dan
pHnya adalah 6. Seusai teori, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> tidak dapat bereaksi
dengan air dan tidak larut dalam air. Walaupun masih mengandung ion oksida,
tapi terlalu kuat berada di dalam kisi padatan untuk bereaksi dengan air.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pada percobaan berikut ini
dimasukkan 0,1 gram Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ke dalam tabung reaksi kemudian
ditambahkan 3ml HCl encer.setelah diamati Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> tidak
larut juga dan pHnya adalah 1.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan teori yang
menyatakan bahwa Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> dapat bereaksi dengan asam klorida
encer menghasilkan AlCl3 yang menunjukkan sisi basa dari sifat amfoternya
sedangkan jika bereaksi dengan basa akan menghasilkan larutan natrium
tertahidroksoaluminat yang menunjukkan sisi asam dari sifat amfoternya. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pada percobaan selanjutnya
juga sama yaitu dimasukkan 0,1 gram Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ke dalam tabung
kemudian ditambahkan 3ml NaOH.setelah diamati Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> juga
tidak larut dan pHnya adalah 13.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Namun, hal tersebut (tidak
terjadinya reaksi antara Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> dengan NaOH dan HCl) dapat
terjadi jika Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> yang digunakan berasal dari pemanasan
Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> di atas suhu 850 <sup>o</sup>C. menurut teori, jika suhu
pembuatan di atas 850 <sup>o</sup>C, maka oksida yang terbentuk tidak larut
dalam asam maupun basa sehingga saat pH diukur, bukan pH Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>yang
terbaca tetapi pH dari HCl dan NaOH itu .</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D.
Membandingkan Sifat Basa Ion Al3+ dan Ion Mg2+</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pada percobaan ini
dimasukkan 3 ml garam Al3+ 0,1 M dan ke dalam tabung reaksi yang lain
dimasukkan 3 ml garam mg 0,1 M lalu tambahkan larutan encer NaOH pada tabung
reaksi yang berisi garam Al sampai tidak terbentuk endapan.dan tambahkan juga
larutan encer NaOH pada tabung reaksi yang berisi garam Mg sampai tidak
terbentuk endapan.Diperiksa pH masing – masing larutan dengan indikator
universal dan didapatkan hasil Al<sup>3+</sup> ditambah NaOH 10 tetes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sudah terbentuk endapan pada tetesan pertama
dan pHnya adalah 4 sedangkan Mg<sup>2+</sup> ditambah NaOH 10 tetes terbentuk
endapan pada tetesan ke lima dan pHnya 5.Dari hasil ini dapat diketahui bahwa
Al<sup>3+</sup> lebih bersifat asam dibandingkan dengan Mg<sup>2+</sup>. Hal
ini sudah sesuai dengan teori yang menyatakan bahwa jika larutan garam
aluminium dan magnesium direaksikan dengan basa (NaOH) akan membentuk endapan
Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>. <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">VIII. </span>KESIMPULAN
DAN SARAN</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
A. Kesimpulan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 66.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sifat Alumunium Hidroksida adalah Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>
dapat larut dalam pH asam maupun basa sedang amonia akan membentuk Al(OH)<sub>3
</sub>(endapan sempurna).dan terbentuk endapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>seperti gel yang disebut dengan gel alumunium hidroksida.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 66.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Al(OH)<sub>3 </sub>bersifat asam</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 66.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> tidak larut dalam air dan
bersifat amfoter</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 66.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Al<sup>3+ </sup>lebih bersifat asam dibandingkan dengan
mg<sup>2+</sup></div>
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B. Saran</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Diharapkan agar praktikan selanjutnya lebih
cermat dan teliti saat praktikum sehingga diperoleh hasil yang diharapkan.</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">IX. </span>DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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Keenan dkk. 1979<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Kimia
Untuk Universitas Edisi Keenam. Jilid II.</i> Jakarta :Erlangga.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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Mun’im , Abdul.,S.2002. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia
Anorganik</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2</i>. Palangka Raya : </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Universitas Palangkaraya.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span class="fullpost">Petrucci, H. Ralph <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Kimia Dasar Prinsip dan Terapan Modern Edisi ke </i></span></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Empat Jilid III</i>. Jakarta : Erlangga.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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Rahmah. 2012. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Anorganik . </i>Palangka Raya :</div>
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Universitas Palangkaraya.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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Sugiyarto, Kristian H.2003 .
Kimia Anorganik II . Yogyakarta: Jurusan Kimia UNY.</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">X Lampiran</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fotocopy
laporan sementara</span></div>
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